Execution Tracing

Comprehensive guide to execution tracing in Go applications for detailed performance analysis. This guide covers trace collection, analysis, visualization, and optimization techniques using Go's execution tracer and custom tracing solutions.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Execution tracing provides detailed insights into program execution flow, timing, and resource utilization. This guide provides comprehensive frameworks for implementing sophisticated tracing solutions that enable deep performance analysis and optimization.

Execution Tracing System

package main

import (
    "context"
    "encoding/json"
    "fmt"
    "runtime"
    "runtime/trace"
    "sync"
    "time"
)

// ExecutionTracer manages execution tracing operations
type ExecutionTracer struct {
    config      TracingConfig
    collectors  map[string]TraceCollector
    processors  map[string]TraceProcessor
    analyzers   map[string]TraceAnalyzer
    storage     TraceStorage
    visualizer  TraceVisualizer
    monitor     TracingMonitor
    optimizer   TraceOptimizer
    exporter    TraceExporter
    correlator  TraceCorrelator
    aggregator  TraceAggregator
    compressor  TraceCompressor
    encryptor   TraceEncryptor
    scheduler   *TracingScheduler
    pipeline    *TracingPipeline
    buffer      *TraceBuffer
    metadata    TracingMetadata
    running     bool
    mu          sync.RWMutex
}

// TracingConfig contains tracing configuration
type TracingConfig struct {
    EnableGoTracer          bool
    EnableCustomTracing     bool
    EnableSampling          bool
    SamplingRate           float64
    MaxTraceSize           int64
    BufferSize             int
    FlushInterval          time.Duration
    CompressionEnabled     bool
    EncryptionEnabled      bool
    PersistenceEnabled     bool
    RealTimeAnalysis       bool
    VisualizationEnabled   bool
    CorrelationEnabled     bool
    AggregationEnabled     bool
    OptimizationEnabled    bool
    ProductionMode         bool
    PerformanceImpactLimit float64
    RetentionPeriod        time.Duration
    ExportFormat           TraceFormat
    MaxConcurrency         int
}

// TraceFormat defines trace formats
type TraceFormat int

const (
    JSONTraceFormat TraceFormat = iota
    BinaryTraceFormat
    ProtobufTraceFormat
    ChromeTraceFormat
    JaegerTraceFormat
    ZipkinTraceFormat
    OpenTelemetryFormat
    CustomTraceFormat
)

// TraceCollector interface for collecting trace data
type TraceCollector interface {
    Start(ctx context.Context) error
    Stop() error
    Collect(ctx context.Context, event TraceEvent) error
    Flush() error
    GetMetrics() CollectorMetrics
    Configure(config interface{}) error
}

// TraceEvent represents a trace event
type TraceEvent struct {
    ID          string
    Type        EventType
    Timestamp   time.Time
    Duration    time.Duration
    Goroutine   int64
    Processor   int
    Thread      int64
    Function    string
    File        string
    Line        int
    Category    EventCategory
    Phase       EventPhase
    Args        map[string]interface{}
    Stack       []StackFrame
    Context     TraceContext
    Metadata    EventMetadata
    Correlation CorrelationData
    Quality     EventQuality
}

// EventType defines event types
type EventType int

const (
    FunctionCallEvent EventType = iota
    FunctionReturnEvent
    GoroutineStartEvent
    GoroutineEndEvent
    GoroutineBlockEvent
    GoroutineUnblockEvent
    GCStartEvent
    GCEndEvent
    AllocEvent
    SyscallEnterEvent
    SyscallExitEvent
    NetworkEvent
    IOEvent
    TimerEvent
    ChannelEvent
    MutexEvent
    ConditionEvent
    WaitGroupEvent
    CustomEvent
)

// EventCategory defines event categories
type EventCategory int

const (
    RuntimeCategory EventCategory = iota
    GCCategory
    SchedulerCategory
    GoroutineCategory
    MemoryCategory
    NetworkCategory
    IOCategory
    SynchronizationCategory
    ApplicationCategory
    CustomCategory
)

// EventPhase defines event phases
type EventPhase int

const (
    BeginPhase EventPhase = iota
    EndPhase
    InstantPhase
    DurationPhase
    AsyncStartPhase
    AsyncStepPhase
    AsyncEndPhase
    FlowStartPhase
    FlowStepPhase
    FlowEndPhase
    CounterPhase
    MetadataPhase
)

// StackFrame represents a stack frame
type StackFrame struct {
    Function string
    File     string
    Line     int
    Column   int
    Package  string
    Module   string
}

// TraceContext contains trace context information
type TraceContext struct {
    TraceID    string
    SpanID     string
    ParentID   string
    Baggage    map[string]string
    Tags       map[string]interface{}
    Logs       []LogEntry
    References []Reference
}

// LogEntry represents a log entry in trace context
type LogEntry struct {
    Timestamp time.Time
    Level     LogLevel
    Message   string
    Fields    map[string]interface{}
}

// LogLevel defines log levels
type LogLevel int

const (
    DebugLevel LogLevel = iota
    InfoLevel
    WarnLevel
    ErrorLevel
    FatalLevel
)

// Reference represents trace references
type Reference struct {
    Type     ReferenceType
    TraceID  string
    SpanID   string
    Metadata map[string]interface{}
}

// ReferenceType defines reference types
type ReferenceType int

const (
    ChildOfReference ReferenceType = iota
    FollowsFromReference
    CausedByReference
    RelatedToReference
)

// EventMetadata contains event metadata
type EventMetadata struct {
    Source      string
    Version     string
    Environment string
    Host        string
    Process     ProcessInfo
    Thread      ThreadInfo
    Tags        map[string]string
    Labels      map[string]string
    Annotations map[string]interface{}
}

// ProcessInfo contains process information
type ProcessInfo struct {
    PID     int
    Name    string
    Args    []string
    Env     map[string]string
    WorkDir string
    User    string
    Group   string
}

// ThreadInfo contains thread information
type ThreadInfo struct {
    TID    int64
    Name   string
    State  ThreadState
    Stack  []StackFrame
    CPU    float64
    Memory int64
}

// ThreadState defines thread states
type ThreadState int

const (
    RunningThread ThreadState = iota
    SleepingThread
    BlockedThread
    ZombieThread
    StoppedThread
)

// CorrelationData contains correlation information
type CorrelationData struct {
    RequestID     string
    SessionID     string
    UserID        string
    TransactionID string
    BusinessID    string
    Custom        map[string]string
}

// EventQuality represents event quality metrics
type EventQuality struct {
    Accuracy     float64
    Completeness float64
    Timeliness   float64
    Consistency  float64
    Reliability  float64
    Score        float64
    Issues       []QualityIssue
}

// QualityIssue represents quality issues
type QualityIssue struct {
    Type        IssueType
    Severity    IssueSeverity
    Description string
    Impact      float64
    Suggestion  string
}

// IssueType defines quality issue types
type IssueType int

const (
    TimingIssue IssueType = iota
    OrderingIssue
    MissingDataIssue
    CorruptionIssue
    DuplicationIssue
    InconsistencyIssue
)

// IssueSeverity defines issue severity levels
type IssueSeverity int

const (
    LowSeverity IssueSeverity = iota
    MediumSeverity
    HighSeverity
    CriticalSeverity
)

// GoTraceCollector collects Go runtime traces
type GoTraceCollector struct {
    config      GoTraceConfig
    traceFile   string
    started     bool
    metrics     CollectorMetrics
    buffer      []byte
    parser      *GoTraceParser
    processor   *GoTraceProcessor
}

// GoTraceConfig contains Go trace configuration
type GoTraceConfig struct {
    OutputFile      string
    BufferSize      int
    EnableUserTasks bool
    EnableUserRegions bool
    EnableUserLog   bool
    AutoFlush       bool
    FlushInterval   time.Duration
}

// GoTraceParser parses Go trace files
type GoTraceParser struct {
    events      []GoTraceEvent
    goroutines  map[int64]*Goroutine
    processors  map[int]*Processor
    statistics  TraceStatistics
}

// GoTraceEvent represents a Go trace event
type GoTraceEvent struct {
    Timestamp time.Time
    Type      GoEventType
    G         int64 // Goroutine ID
    P         int   // Processor ID
    Args      []uint64
    StkID     int
    Stack     []StackFrame
}

// GoEventType defines Go trace event types
type GoEventType int

const (
    EvGoCreate GoEventType = iota
    EvGoStart
    EvGoEnd
    EvGoStop
    EvGoSched
    EvGoPreempt
    EvGoSleep
    EvGoBlock
    EvGoUnblock
    EvGoBlockSend
    EvGoBlockRecv
    EvGoBlockSelect
    EvGoBlockSync
    EvGoBlockCond
    EvGoBlockNet
    EvGoSysCall
    EvGoSysExit
    EvGoSysBlock
    EvGCStart
    EvGCDone
    EvGCSTWStart
    EvGCSTWDone
    EvGCMarkAssistStart
    EvGCMarkAssistDone
    EvHeapAlloc
    EvProcStart
    EvProcStop
    EvUserTaskCreate
    EvUserTaskEnd
    EvUserRegion
    EvUserLog
)

// Goroutine represents goroutine information
type Goroutine struct {
    ID        int64
    State     GoroutineState
    PC        uint64
    CreatedBy string
    StartTime time.Time
    EndTime   *time.Time
    Events    []GoTraceEvent
    Blocking  *BlockingInfo
    Stack     []StackFrame
}

// GoroutineState defines goroutine states
type GoroutineState int

const (
    GoroutineIdle GoroutineState = iota
    GoroutineRunnable
    GoroutineRunning
    GoroutineSyscall
    GoroutineWaiting
    GoroutineDead
)

// BlockingInfo contains goroutine blocking information
type BlockingInfo struct {
    Reason    BlockingReason
    StartTime time.Time
    Duration  time.Duration
    Resource  string
    Stack     []StackFrame
}

// BlockingReason defines blocking reasons
type BlockingReason int

const (
    BlockingIO BlockingReason = iota
    BlockingSync
    BlockingNet
    BlockingSyscall
    BlockingGC
    BlockingChannel
    BlockingTimer
    BlockingSelect
)

// Processor represents processor information
type Processor struct {
    ID         int
    Goroutines []int64
    Events     []GoTraceEvent
    RunQueue   []int64
    Utilization float64
    Statistics ProcessorStats
}

// ProcessorStats contains processor statistics
type ProcessorStats struct {
    TotalTime     time.Duration
    RunningTime   time.Duration
    IdleTime      time.Duration
    GCTime        time.Duration
    SyscallTime   time.Duration
    ScheduleCount int64
    PreemptCount  int64
}

// TraceStatistics contains trace statistics
type TraceStatistics struct {
    StartTime        time.Time
    EndTime          time.Time
    Duration         time.Duration
    EventCount       int64
    GoroutineCount   int64
    ProcessorCount   int
    GCCount          int64
    HeapSize         int64
    AllocCount       int64
    SyscallCount     int64
    BlockingEvents   int64
    NetworkEvents    int64
    UserEvents       int64
    Performance      PerformanceStats
    Concurrency      ConcurrencyStats
    Memory           MemoryStats
}

// PerformanceStats contains performance statistics
type PerformanceStats struct {
    TotalCPUTime     time.Duration
    UserCPUTime      time.Duration
    SystemCPUTime    time.Duration
    GCCPUTime        time.Duration
    IdleCPUTime      time.Duration
    CPUUtilization   float64
    Throughput       float64
    Latency          LatencyStats
}

// LatencyStats contains latency statistics
type LatencyStats struct {
    Min    time.Duration
    Max    time.Duration
    Mean   time.Duration
    Median time.Duration
    P95    time.Duration
    P99    time.Duration
    StdDev time.Duration
}

// ConcurrencyStats contains concurrency statistics
type ConcurrencyStats struct {
    MaxGoroutines     int64
    AvgGoroutines     float64
    GoroutineLifetime LatencyStats
    ContextSwitches   int64
    Preemptions       int64
    Blocking          BlockingStats
    Parallelism       float64
}

// BlockingStats contains blocking statistics
type BlockingStats struct {
    TotalBlocks     int64
    BlockingTime    time.Duration
    AvgBlockTime    time.Duration
    MaxBlockTime    time.Duration
    BlockingReasons map[BlockingReason]int64
}

// MemoryStats contains memory statistics
type MemoryStats struct {
    MaxHeapSize     int64
    AvgHeapSize     float64
    TotalAllocs     int64
    AllocRate       float64
    GCPauses        LatencyStats
    GCFrequency     float64
    MemoryPressure  float64
}

// GoTraceProcessor processes Go trace data
type GoTraceProcessor struct {
    filters      []TraceFilter
    transformers []TraceTransformer
    enrichers    []TraceEnricher
    validators   []TraceValidator
}

// TraceFilter interface for filtering trace events
type TraceFilter interface {
    Filter(event TraceEvent) bool
    Configure(config interface{}) error
}

// TraceTransformer interface for transforming trace events
type TraceTransformer interface {
    Transform(event TraceEvent) (TraceEvent, error)
    Configure(config interface{}) error
}

// TraceEnricher interface for enriching trace events
type TraceEnricher interface {
    Enrich(event TraceEvent) (TraceEvent, error)
    Configure(config interface{}) error
}

// TraceValidator interface for validating trace events
type TraceValidator interface {
    Validate(event TraceEvent) (bool, []ValidationError)
    Configure(config interface{}) error
}

// ValidationError represents validation errors
type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Value   interface{}
    Rule    string
    Message string
}

// CustomTraceCollector implements custom tracing
type CustomTraceCollector struct {
    config     CustomTraceConfig
    spans      map[string]*Span
    sampler    TraceSampler
    reporter   TraceReporter
    buffer     *CircularBuffer
    metrics    CollectorMetrics
    mu         sync.RWMutex
}

// CustomTraceConfig contains custom trace configuration
type CustomTraceConfig struct {
    ServiceName      string
    ServiceVersion   string
    SamplingStrategy SamplingStrategy
    BufferSize       int
    ReportInterval   time.Duration
    MaxSpanDuration  time.Duration
    TagsExtraction   []TagExtractor
    MetricsEnabled   bool
}

// SamplingStrategy defines sampling strategies
type SamplingStrategy int

const (
    ConstantSampling SamplingStrategy = iota
    ProbabilisticSampling
    RateLimitingSampling
    AdaptiveSampling
    GuaranteedThroughputSampling
    RemoteSampling
)

// TagExtractor extracts tags from context
type TagExtractor struct {
    Name      string
    Extractor func(ctx context.Context) (string, bool)
    Enabled   bool
}

// Span represents a trace span
type Span struct {
    TraceID    string
    SpanID     string
    ParentID   string
    Operation  string
    StartTime  time.Time
    FinishTime *time.Time
    Duration   time.Duration
    Tags       map[string]interface{}
    Logs       []LogEntry
    References []Reference
    Context    SpanContext
    Status     SpanStatus
    Events     []SpanEvent
}

// SpanContext contains span context
type SpanContext struct {
    TraceID  string
    SpanID   string
    Baggage  map[string]string
    Sampled  bool
    Debug    bool
    Remote   bool
}

// SpanStatus represents span status
type SpanStatus struct {
    Code        StatusCode
    Message     string
    Details     []interface{}
    Recoverable bool
}

// StatusCode defines status codes
type StatusCode int

const (
    StatusOK StatusCode = iota
    StatusError
    StatusTimeout
    StatusCancelled
    StatusInvalidArgument
    StatusNotFound
    StatusAlreadyExists
    StatusPermissionDenied
    StatusResourceExhausted
    StatusFailedPrecondition
    StatusAborted
    StatusOutOfRange
    StatusUnimplemented
    StatusInternal
    StatusUnavailable
    StatusDataLoss
    StatusUnauthenticated
)

// SpanEvent represents span events
type SpanEvent struct {
    Timestamp  time.Time
    Name       string
    Attributes map[string]interface{}
}

// TraceSampler implements trace sampling
type TraceSampler interface {
    Sample(traceID string, operation string) SamplingResult
    Configure(config interface{}) error
    GetRate() float64
}

// SamplingResult represents sampling decision
type SamplingResult struct {
    Decision SamplingDecision
    Rate     float64
    Tags     map[string]interface{}
    Reason   string
}

// SamplingDecision defines sampling decisions
type SamplingDecision int

const (
    NotSampled SamplingDecision = iota
    Sampled
    Deferred
)

// TraceReporter reports traces to backends
type TraceReporter interface {
    Report(spans []Span) error
    Configure(config interface{}) error
    Close() error
}

// CircularBuffer implements a circular buffer for traces
type CircularBuffer struct {
    buffer []TraceEvent
    size   int
    head   int
    tail   int
    count  int
    mu     sync.RWMutex
}

// TraceAnalyzer analyzes trace data
type TraceAnalyzer struct {
    algorithms  []AnalysisAlgorithm
    detectors   []PatternDetector
    profilers   []PerformanceProfiler
    correlator  *EventCorrelator
    aggregator  *MetricsAggregator
    predictor   *PerformancePredictor
    classifier  *EventClassifier
    anomaly     *AnomalyDetector
    trend       *TrendAnalyzer
    insights    *InsightGenerator
}

// AnalysisAlgorithm interface for analysis algorithms
type AnalysisAlgorithm interface {
    Analyze(traces []TraceEvent) (AnalysisResult, error)
    Configure(config interface{}) error
    GetType() AnalysisType
}

// AnalysisType defines analysis types
type AnalysisType int

const (
    LatencyAnalysis AnalysisType = iota
    ThroughputAnalysis
    ConcurrencyAnalysis
    BottleneckAnalysis
    DependencyAnalysis
    ErrorAnalysis
    ResourceAnalysis
    PatternAnalysis
)

// AnalysisResult represents analysis results
type AnalysisResult struct {
    Type        AnalysisType
    Summary     AnalysisSummary
    Metrics     map[string]float64
    Insights    []AnalysisInsight
    Patterns    []DetectedPattern
    Anomalies   []DetectedAnomaly
    Bottlenecks []Bottleneck
    Suggestions []OptimizationSuggestion
    Confidence  float64
    Metadata    map[string]interface{}
}

// AnalysisSummary contains analysis summary
type AnalysisSummary struct {
    TotalEvents     int64
    TimeRange       TimeRange
    Performance     PerformanceSummary
    Concurrency     ConcurrencySummary
    Errors          ErrorSummary
    Resources       ResourceSummary
}

// TimeRange represents time ranges
type TimeRange struct {
    Start time.Time
    End   time.Time
}

// PerformanceSummary contains performance summary
type PerformanceSummary struct {
    AvgLatency    time.Duration
    Throughput    float64
    ErrorRate     float64
    Availability  float64
    Bottlenecks   int
    Optimizations int
}

// ConcurrencySummary contains concurrency summary
type ConcurrencySummary struct {
    MaxConcurrency  int64
    AvgConcurrency  float64
    Contention      float64
    Deadlocks       int
    RaceConditions  int
    Efficiency      float64
}

// ErrorSummary contains error summary
type ErrorSummary struct {
    TotalErrors    int64
    ErrorRate      float64
    ErrorTypes     map[string]int64
    CriticalErrors int64
    Recovery       float64
}

// ResourceSummary contains resource summary
type ResourceSummary struct {
    CPUUsage       float64
    MemoryUsage    float64
    IOUtilization  float64
    NetworkUsage   float64
    Efficiency     float64
    Bottlenecks    []string
}

// AnalysisInsight represents analysis insights
type AnalysisInsight struct {
    Type        InsightType
    Title       string
    Description string
    Impact      float64
    Confidence  float64
    Evidence    []Evidence
    Actions     []RecommendedAction
}

// InsightType defines insight types
type InsightType int

const (
    PerformanceInsight InsightType = iota
    EfficiencyInsight
    ReliabilityInsight
    ScalabilityInsight
    SecurityInsight
    CostInsight
)

// Evidence represents supporting evidence
type Evidence struct {
    Type        EvidenceType
    Description string
    Data        interface{}
    Confidence  float64
    Source      string
}

// EvidenceType defines evidence types
type EvidenceType int

const (
    MetricEvidence EvidenceType = iota
    PatternEvidence
    CorrelationEvidence
    TrendEvidence
    AnomalyEvidence
    ComparisonEvidence
)

// RecommendedAction represents recommended actions
type RecommendedAction struct {
    Type        ActionType
    Description string
    Priority    ActionPriority
    Impact      float64
    Effort      float64
    Resources   []string
    Timeline    time.Duration
}

// ActionType defines action types
type ActionType int

const (
    OptimizationAction ActionType = iota
    ConfigurationAction
    ScalingAction
    RefactoringAction
    MonitoringAction
    AlertingAction
)

// ActionPriority defines action priorities
type ActionPriority int

const (
    LowPriority ActionPriority = iota
    MediumPriority
    HighPriority
    CriticalPriority
)

// DetectedPattern represents detected patterns
type DetectedPattern struct {
    Type        PatternType
    Name        string
    Description string
    Frequency   float64
    Confidence  float64
    Examples    []PatternExample
    Impact      PatternImpact
}

// PatternType defines pattern types
type PatternType int

const (
    PerformancePattern PatternType = iota
    ConcurrencyPattern
    ErrorPattern
    ResourcePattern
    UserPattern
    SystemPattern
)

// PatternExample represents pattern examples
type PatternExample struct {
    Timestamp time.Time
    Events    []TraceEvent
    Context   map[string]interface{}
    Score     float64
}

// PatternImpact represents pattern impact
type PatternImpact struct {
    Performance float64
    Reliability float64
    Cost        float64
    User        float64
    Business    float64
}

// DetectedAnomaly represents detected anomalies
type DetectedAnomaly struct {
    Type        AnomalyType
    Description string
    Severity    AnomalySeverity
    Timestamp   time.Time
    Events      []TraceEvent
    Deviation   float64
    Impact      AnomalyImpact
    Suggestions []string
}

// AnomalyType defines anomaly types
type AnomalyType int

const (
    LatencyAnomaly AnomalyType = iota
    ThroughputAnomaly
    ErrorAnomaly
    ResourceAnomaly
    ConcurrencyAnomaly
    BehaviorAnomaly
)

// AnomalySeverity defines anomaly severity
type AnomalySeverity int

const (
    LowAnomalySeverity AnomalySeverity = iota
    MediumAnomalySeverity
    HighAnomalySeverity
    CriticalAnomalySeverity
)

// AnomalyImpact represents anomaly impact
type AnomalyImpact struct {
    Performance  float64
    Availability float64
    Cost         float64
    User         float64
    Business     float64
    Probability  float64
}

// Bottleneck represents performance bottlenecks
type Bottleneck struct {
    Type        BottleneckType
    Location    string
    Function    string
    Component   string
    Severity    BottleneckSeverity
    Impact      float64
    Frequency   float64
    Suggestions []OptimizationSuggestion
}

// BottleneckType defines bottleneck types
type BottleneckType int

const (
    CPUBottleneck BottleneckType = iota
    MemoryBottleneck
    IOBottleneck
    NetworkBottleneck
    DatabaseBottleneck
    SynchronizationBottleneck
    AlgorithmBottleneck
)

// BottleneckSeverity defines bottleneck severity
type BottleneckSeverity int

const (
    MinorBottleneck BottleneckSeverity = iota
    ModerateBottleneck
    MajorBottleneck
    CriticalBottleneck
)

// OptimizationSuggestion represents optimization suggestions
type OptimizationSuggestion struct {
    Type         OptimizationType
    Description  string
    Rationale    string
    Impact       float64
    Effort       float64
    Risk         float64
    Priority     SuggestionPriority
    Resources    []string
    Timeline     time.Duration
    Dependencies []string
}

// OptimizationType defines optimization types
type OptimizationType int

const (
    AlgorithmOptimization OptimizationType = iota
    DataStructureOptimization
    ConcurrencyOptimization
    CachingOptimization
    DatabaseOptimization
    NetworkOptimization
    MemoryOptimization
    IOOptimization
)

// SuggestionPriority defines suggestion priorities
type SuggestionPriority int

const (
    LowSuggestionPriority SuggestionPriority = iota
    MediumSuggestionPriority
    HighSuggestionPriority
    UrgentSuggestionPriority
)

// Component interfaces and implementations
type TraceProcessor interface{}
type TraceStorage interface{}
type TraceVisualizer interface{}
type TracingMonitor interface{}
type TraceOptimizer interface{}
type TraceExporter interface{}
type TraceCorrelator interface{}
type TraceAggregator interface{}
type TraceCompressor interface{}
type TraceEncryptor interface{}
type TracingScheduler struct{}
type TracingPipeline struct{}
type TraceBuffer struct{}
type TracingMetadata struct{}
type PatternDetector interface{}
type PerformanceProfiler interface{}
type EventCorrelator struct{}
type MetricsAggregator struct{}
type PerformancePredictor struct{}
type EventClassifier struct{}
type AnomalyDetector struct{}
type TrendAnalyzer struct{}
type InsightGenerator struct{}

// NewExecutionTracer creates a new execution tracer
func NewExecutionTracer(config TracingConfig) *ExecutionTracer {
    tracer := &ExecutionTracer{
        config:     config,
        collectors: make(map[string]TraceCollector),
        processors: make(map[string]TraceProcessor),
        analyzers:  make(map[string]TraceAnalyzer),
        scheduler:  &TracingScheduler{},
        pipeline:   &TracingPipeline{},
        buffer:     &TraceBuffer{},
        metadata:   TracingMetadata{},
    }

    // Initialize Go tracer if enabled
    if config.EnableGoTracer {
        tracer.collectors["go"] = &GoTraceCollector{
            config: GoTraceConfig{
                OutputFile:        "trace.out",
                BufferSize:        1024 * 1024, // 1MB
                EnableUserTasks:   true,
                EnableUserRegions: true,
                EnableUserLog:     true,
                AutoFlush:         true,
                FlushInterval:     time.Second * 30,
            },
            parser: &GoTraceParser{
                goroutines: make(map[int64]*Goroutine),
                processors: make(map[int]*Processor),
            },
            processor: &GoTraceProcessor{
                filters:      []TraceFilter{},
                transformers: []TraceTransformer{},
                enrichers:    []TraceEnricher{},
                validators:   []TraceValidator{},
            },
        }
    }

    // Initialize custom tracer if enabled
    if config.EnableCustomTracing {
        tracer.collectors["custom"] = &CustomTraceCollector{
            config: CustomTraceConfig{
                ServiceName:      "go-application",
                ServiceVersion:   "1.0.0",
                SamplingStrategy: ProbabilisticSampling,
                BufferSize:       10000,
                ReportInterval:   time.Second * 10,
                MaxSpanDuration:  time.Hour,
                MetricsEnabled:   true,
            },
            spans:  make(map[string]*Span),
            buffer: &CircularBuffer{size: 10000},
        }
    }

    // Initialize analyzer
    tracer.analyzers["default"] = TraceAnalyzer{
        algorithms: []AnalysisAlgorithm{},
        detectors:  []PatternDetector{},
        profilers:  []PerformanceProfiler{},
        correlator: &EventCorrelator{},
        aggregator: &MetricsAggregator{},
        predictor:  &PerformancePredictor{},
        classifier: &EventClassifier{},
        anomaly:    &AnomalyDetector{},
        trend:      &TrendAnalyzer{},
        insights:   &InsightGenerator{},
    }

    return tracer
}

// Start starts execution tracing
func (et *ExecutionTracer) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
    et.mu.Lock()
    defer et.mu.Unlock()

    if et.running {
        return fmt.Errorf("execution tracer is already running")
    }

    // Start collectors
    for name, collector := range et.collectors {
        if err := collector.Start(ctx); err != nil {
            return fmt.Errorf("failed to start collector %s: %w", name, err)
        }
    }

    // Start analysis if enabled
    if et.config.RealTimeAnalysis {
        go et.analysisLoop(ctx)
    }

    // Start flushing if persistence is enabled
    if et.config.PersistenceEnabled {
        go et.flushLoop(ctx)
    }

    et.running = true
    return nil
}

// Stop stops execution tracing
func (et *ExecutionTracer) Stop() error {
    et.mu.Lock()
    defer et.mu.Unlock()

    if !et.running {
        return fmt.Errorf("execution tracer is not running")
    }

    // Stop collectors
    for _, collector := range et.collectors {
        collector.Stop()
    }

    // Flush remaining data
    for _, collector := range et.collectors {
        collector.Flush()
    }

    et.running = false
    return nil
}

// TraceFunction traces function execution
func (et *ExecutionTracer) TraceFunction(name string) func() {
    startTime := time.Now()
    traceID := fmt.Sprintf("trace-%d", time.Now().UnixNano())

    // Create start event
    startEvent := TraceEvent{
        ID:        fmt.Sprintf("%s-start", traceID),
        Type:      FunctionCallEvent,
        Timestamp: startTime,
        Function:  name,
        Phase:     BeginPhase,
        Category:  ApplicationCategory,
    }

    // Collect event
    if collector, exists := et.collectors["custom"]; exists {
        collector.Collect(context.Background(), startEvent)
    }

    return func() {
        endTime := time.Now()
        duration := endTime.Sub(startTime)

        // Create end event
        endEvent := TraceEvent{
            ID:        fmt.Sprintf("%s-end", traceID),
            Type:      FunctionReturnEvent,
            Timestamp: endTime,
            Duration:  duration,
            Function:  name,
            Phase:     EndPhase,
            Category:  ApplicationCategory,
        }

        // Collect event
        if collector, exists := et.collectors["custom"]; exists {
            collector.Collect(context.Background(), endEvent)
        }
    }
}

// AnalyzeTrace analyzes collected trace data
func (et *ExecutionTracer) AnalyzeTrace(traces []TraceEvent) (*AnalysisResult, error) {
    if analyzer, exists := et.analyzers["default"]; exists {
        if len(analyzer.algorithms) > 0 {
            return analyzer.algorithms[0].Analyze(traces)
        }
    }

    // Fallback analysis
    result := &AnalysisResult{
        Type: LatencyAnalysis,
        Summary: AnalysisSummary{
            TotalEvents: int64(len(traces)),
        },
        Metrics:     make(map[string]float64),
        Insights:    []AnalysisInsight{},
        Patterns:    []DetectedPattern{},
        Anomalies:   []DetectedAnomaly{},
        Bottlenecks: []Bottleneck{},
        Suggestions: []OptimizationSuggestion{},
        Confidence:  0.8,
    }

    // Calculate basic metrics
    if len(traces) > 0 {
        var totalDuration time.Duration
        var functionCalls int

        for _, event := range traces {
            if event.Type == FunctionCallEvent {
                functionCalls++
                totalDuration += event.Duration
            }
        }

        if functionCalls > 0 {
            avgDuration := totalDuration / time.Duration(functionCalls)
            result.Metrics["avg_function_duration"] = float64(avgDuration.Nanoseconds())
            result.Metrics["function_call_rate"] = float64(functionCalls) / float64(len(traces))
        }

        result.Summary.TimeRange = TimeRange{
            Start: traces[0].Timestamp,
            End:   traces[len(traces)-1].Timestamp,
        }
    }

    return result, nil
}

func (et *ExecutionTracer) analysisLoop(ctx context.Context) {
    ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second * 30) // Analyze every 30 seconds
    defer ticker.Stop()

    for {
        select {
        case <-ctx.Done():
            return
        case <-ticker.C:
            // Collect recent traces and analyze
            // This would integrate with the buffer and storage systems
        }
    }
}

func (et *ExecutionTracer) flushLoop(ctx context.Context) {
    ticker := time.NewTicker(et.config.FlushInterval)
    defer ticker.Stop()

    for {
        select {
        case <-ctx.Done():
            return
        case <-ticker.C:
            // Flush traces to storage
            for _, collector := range et.collectors {
                collector.Flush()
            }
        }
    }
}

// Implement Go trace collector methods
func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
    if gtc.started {
        return fmt.Errorf("Go trace collector already started")
    }

    file, err := trace.Start(trace.Log(strings.NewReader("")))
    if err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("failed to start Go tracer: %w", err)
    }

    gtc.traceFile = file.Name()
    gtc.started = true
    return nil
}

func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) Stop() error {
    if !gtc.started {
        return fmt.Errorf("Go trace collector not started")
    }

    trace.Stop()
    gtc.started = false
    return nil
}

func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) Collect(ctx context.Context, event TraceEvent) error {
    // Go tracer collects automatically, this would process existing trace data
    return nil
}

func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) Flush() error {
    // Flush trace buffer if needed
    return nil
}

func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) GetMetrics() CollectorMetrics {
    return gtc.metrics
}

func (gtc *GoTraceCollector) Configure(config interface{}) error {
    if c, ok := config.(GoTraceConfig); ok {
        gtc.config = c
        return nil
    }
    return fmt.Errorf("invalid config type")
}

// Implement custom trace collector methods
func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
    // Start background processing
    go ctc.processingLoop(ctx)
    return nil
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) Stop() error {
    return nil
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) Collect(ctx context.Context, event TraceEvent) error {
    ctc.mu.Lock()
    defer ctc.mu.Unlock()

    // Add to buffer
    ctc.buffer.Add(event)

    // Update metrics
    ctc.metrics.Collections++
    ctc.metrics.LastCollection = time.Now()

    return nil
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) Flush() error {
    // Flush buffer to reporter
    return nil
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) GetMetrics() CollectorMetrics {
    return ctc.metrics
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) Configure(config interface{}) error {
    if c, ok := config.(CustomTraceConfig); ok {
        ctc.config = c
        return nil
    }
    return fmt.Errorf("invalid config type")
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) processingLoop(ctx context.Context) {
    ticker := time.NewTicker(ctc.config.ReportInterval)
    defer ticker.Stop()

    for {
        select {
        case <-ctx.Done():
            return
        case <-ticker.C:
            // Process buffered events
            events := ctc.buffer.DrainAll()
            if len(events) > 0 && ctc.reporter != nil {
                // Convert events to spans and report
                spans := ctc.eventsToSpans(events)
                ctc.reporter.Report(spans)
            }
        }
    }
}

func (ctc *CustomTraceCollector) eventsToSpans(events []TraceEvent) []Span {
    spans := make([]Span, 0, len(events))

    for _, event := range events {
        span := Span{
            TraceID:   event.Context.TraceID,
            SpanID:    event.Context.SpanID,
            ParentID:  event.Context.ParentID,
            Operation: event.Function,
            StartTime: event.Timestamp,
            Duration:  event.Duration,
            Tags:      make(map[string]interface{}),
            Logs:      []LogEntry{},
        }

        // Set finish time if duration is available
        if event.Duration > 0 {
            finishTime := event.Timestamp.Add(event.Duration)
            span.FinishTime = &finishTime
        }

        // Add event-specific tags
        span.Tags["event_type"] = event.Type
        span.Tags["category"] = event.Category
        span.Tags["phase"] = event.Phase

        if event.Function != "" {
            span.Tags["function"] = event.Function
        }

        if event.File != "" {
            span.Tags["file"] = event.File
            span.Tags["line"] = event.Line
        }

        spans = append(spans, span)
    }

    return spans
}

// Implement circular buffer methods
func (cb *CircularBuffer) Add(event TraceEvent) {
    cb.mu.Lock()
    defer cb.mu.Unlock()

    if cb.buffer == nil {
        cb.buffer = make([]TraceEvent, cb.size)
    }

    cb.buffer[cb.tail] = event
    cb.tail = (cb.tail + 1) % cb.size

    if cb.count < cb.size {
        cb.count++
    } else {
        cb.head = (cb.head + 1) % cb.size
    }
}

func (cb *CircularBuffer) DrainAll() []TraceEvent {
    cb.mu.Lock()
    defer cb.mu.Unlock()

    if cb.count == 0 {
        return nil
    }

    events := make([]TraceEvent, cb.count)
    for i := 0; i < cb.count; i++ {
        events[i] = cb.buffer[(cb.head+i)%cb.size]
    }

    cb.count = 0
    cb.head = 0
    cb.tail = 0

    return events
}

// Example usage
func ExampleExecutionTracing() {
    config := TracingConfig{
        EnableGoTracer:           true,
        EnableCustomTracing:      true,
        EnableSampling:          true,
        SamplingRate:            0.1, // 10% sampling
        MaxTraceSize:            1024 * 1024 * 10, // 10MB
        BufferSize:              10000,
        FlushInterval:           time.Second * 30,
        CompressionEnabled:      true,
        PersistenceEnabled:      true,
        RealTimeAnalysis:        true,
        VisualizationEnabled:    true,
        CorrelationEnabled:      true,
        OptimizationEnabled:     true,
        ProductionMode:          false,
        PerformanceImpactLimit:  0.05, // 5% overhead limit
        RetentionPeriod:         time.Hour * 24,
        ExportFormat:            JSONTraceFormat,
        MaxConcurrency:          4,
    }

    tracer := NewExecutionTracer(config)

    ctx := context.Background()
    if err := tracer.Start(ctx); err != nil {
        fmt.Printf("Failed to start execution tracer: %v\n", err)
        return
    }
    defer tracer.Stop()

    fmt.Println("Execution Tracing Started")

    // Example traced function
    func() {
        defer tracer.TraceFunction("example_function")()

        // Simulate work
        time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100)

        // Nested function
        func() {
            defer tracer.TraceFunction("nested_function")()
            time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 50)
        }()

        // More work
        time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 75)
    }()

    // Simulate some concurrent work
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func(id int) {
            defer wg.Done()
            defer tracer.TraceFunction(fmt.Sprintf("goroutine_%d", id))()

            time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * time.Duration(50+id*10))
        }(i)
    }
    wg.Wait()

    // Give some time for trace collection
    time.Sleep(time.Second)

    // Example analysis (in a real implementation, this would use actual collected data)
    sampleEvents := []TraceEvent{
        {
            ID:        "event1",
            Type:      FunctionCallEvent,
            Timestamp: time.Now().Add(-time.Second),
            Duration:  time.Millisecond * 100,
            Function:  "example_function",
            Category:  ApplicationCategory,
            Phase:     DurationPhase,
        },
        {
            ID:        "event2",
            Type:      FunctionCallEvent,
            Timestamp: time.Now().Add(-time.Millisecond * 500),
            Duration:  time.Millisecond * 50,
            Function:  "nested_function",
            Category:  ApplicationCategory,
            Phase:     DurationPhase,
        },
    }

    result, err := tracer.AnalyzeTrace(sampleEvents)
    if err != nil {
        fmt.Printf("Failed to analyze trace: %v\n", err)
        return
    }

    fmt.Printf("\nTrace Analysis Results:\n")
    fmt.Printf("Total Events: %d\n", result.Summary.TotalEvents)
    fmt.Printf("Analysis Type: %v\n", result.Type)
    fmt.Printf("Confidence: %.2f\n", result.Confidence)

    fmt.Printf("\nMetrics:\n")
    for metric, value := range result.Metrics {
        fmt.Printf("  %s: %.2f\n", metric, value)
    }

    if len(result.Insights) > 0 {
        fmt.Printf("\nInsights:\n")
        for _, insight := range result.Insights {
            fmt.Printf("  - %s: %s (impact: %.2f, confidence: %.2f)\n",
                insight.Type, insight.Description, insight.Impact, insight.Confidence)
        }
    }

    if len(result.Bottlenecks) > 0 {
        fmt.Printf("\nBottlenecks:\n")
        for _, bottleneck := range result.Bottlenecks {
            fmt.Printf("  - %s in %s (severity: %v, impact: %.2f)\n",
                bottleneck.Type, bottleneck.Function, bottleneck.Severity, bottleneck.Impact)
        }
    }

    if len(result.Suggestions) > 0 {
        fmt.Printf("\nOptimization Suggestions:\n")
        for _, suggestion := range result.Suggestions {
            fmt.Printf("  - %s: %s (impact: %.2f, effort: %.2f)\n",
                suggestion.Type, suggestion.Description, suggestion.Impact, suggestion.Effort)
        }
    }
}

Go Execution Tracer

Comprehensive usage of Go's built-in execution tracer for detailed performance analysis.

Trace Collection

Advanced trace collection strategies for production environments.

Trace Analysis

Sophisticated analysis techniques for extracting performance insights.

Visualization

Rich visualization tools for understanding execution patterns.

Custom Tracing Framework

Advanced custom tracing solutions for specialized requirements.

Distributed Tracing

Comprehensive distributed tracing across microservices.

Sampling Strategies

Intelligent sampling for production environments.

Correlation

Advanced correlation techniques for complex systems.

Best Practices

  1. Performance Impact: Minimize tracing overhead in production
  2. Sampling: Use appropriate sampling strategies for scalability
  3. Storage: Implement efficient trace storage and retention
  4. Analysis: Focus on actionable insights from trace analysis
  5. Correlation: Implement comprehensive trace correlation
  6. Visualization: Provide intuitive visualization tools
  7. Integration: Integrate with existing monitoring infrastructure
  8. Security: Ensure trace data security and privacy

Summary

Execution tracing provides deep insights into application behavior:

  1. Comprehensive Coverage: Full execution tracing with Go tracer and custom solutions
  2. Real-time Analysis: Advanced real-time trace analysis and pattern detection
  3. Performance Optimization: Automated bottleneck detection and optimization suggestions
  4. Production Ready: Low-overhead tracing suitable for production environments
  5. Visualization: Rich visualization tools for understanding complex execution patterns
  6. Integration: Seamless integration with monitoring and observability platforms

These capabilities enable organizations to gain deep insights into application performance and behavior for effective optimization and troubleshooting.

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