Network Optimization
Comprehensive guide to optimizing network performance in Go applications. This guide covers connection pooling, protocol optimization, bandwidth management, and advanced networking techniques for high-performance distributed systems.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Connection Management
- Protocol Optimization
- Bandwidth Management
- Latency Optimization
- Throughput Optimization
- Load Balancing
- Monitoring and Metrics
- Best Practices
Introduction
Network optimization is critical for distributed Go applications that rely on network communication for performance. This guide provides comprehensive strategies for optimizing network usage, managing connections efficiently, and achieving optimal performance in networked environments.
Network Optimization Framework
package main
import (
"bufio"
"context"
"crypto/tls"
"fmt"
"io"
"net"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"runtime"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"syscall"
"time"
"unsafe"
)
// NetworkOptimizer manages network optimization across the application
type NetworkOptimizer struct {
connManager *ConnectionManager
protocolMgr *ProtocolManager
bandwidthMgr *BandwidthManager
loadBalancer *LoadBalancer
monitor *NetworkMonitor
optimizer *PerformanceOptimizer
config NetworkOptimizerConfig
metrics *NetworkMetrics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// NetworkOptimizerConfig contains optimizer configuration
type NetworkOptimizerConfig struct {
EnablePooling bool
EnableCompression bool
EnableMultiplexing bool
EnableLoadBalancing bool
EnableMonitoring bool
MaxConnections int
ConnectionTimeout time.Duration
KeepAliveTimeout time.Duration
ReadTimeout time.Duration
WriteTimeout time.Duration
IdleConnTimeout time.Duration
OptimizationInterval time.Duration
BandwidthLimitMBps float64
CompressionThreshold int
}
// ConnectionManager manages network connections efficiently
type ConnectionManager struct {
pools map[string]*ConnectionPool
factory ConnectionFactory
balancer *ConnectionBalancer
monitor *ConnectionMonitor
config ConnectionManagerConfig
metrics *ConnectionMetrics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// ConnectionManagerConfig contains connection manager configuration
type ConnectionManagerConfig struct {
MaxPoolSize int
InitialPoolSize int
MaxIdleConns int
MaxIdleConnsPerHost int
IdleConnTimeout time.Duration
ConnectTimeout time.Duration
KeepAlive time.Duration
TLSHandshakeTimeout time.Duration
EnableTCPKeepAlive bool
TCPKeepAlive time.Duration
EnableHTTP2 bool
}
// ConnectionPool manages a pool of network connections
type ConnectionPool struct {
target string
connections chan *ManagedConnection
factory func() (*ManagedConnection, error)
validator func(*ManagedConnection) bool
healthChecker *ConnectionHealthChecker
stats *PoolStatistics
config PoolConfig
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// PoolConfig contains pool-specific configuration
type PoolConfig struct {
MaxSize int
MinSize int
GrowthFactor float64
ShrinkThreshold float64
MaxAge time.Duration
HealthCheckPeriod time.Duration
ValidationEnabled bool
MetricsEnabled bool
}
// PoolStatistics tracks pool performance
type PoolStatistics struct {
ConnectionsCreated int64
ConnectionsReused int64
ConnectionsDestroyed int64
ConnectionsFailed int64
ActiveConnections int32
IdleConnections int32
HitRate float64
AverageLatency time.Duration
TotalBytes int64
ErrorRate float64
}
// ManagedConnection represents a managed network connection
type ManagedConnection struct {
ID string
Conn net.Conn
Target string
Protocol string
CreatedAt time.Time
LastUsed time.Time
UseCount int64
BytesSent int64
BytesReceived int64
Latency time.Duration
State ConnectionState
Properties map[string]interface{}
pool *ConnectionPool
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// ConnectionState represents connection states
type ConnectionState int
const (
ConnectionIdle ConnectionState = iota
ConnectionActive
ConnectionClosed
ConnectionError
ConnectionHealthCheck
)
// ConnectionFactory creates new connections
type ConnectionFactory interface {
CreateConnection(target string, config ConnectionConfig) (*ManagedConnection, error)
ValidateConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) bool
CloseConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) error
}
// ConnectionConfig contains connection configuration
type ConnectionConfig struct {
Network string
Timeout time.Duration
KeepAlive time.Duration
TLSConfig *tls.Config
BufferSize int
Compression bool
NoDelay bool
ReadBuffer int
WriteBuffer int
LingerTimeout time.Duration
}
// ConnectionBalancer balances connections across multiple targets
type ConnectionBalancer struct {
targets []string
strategy BalancingStrategy
health *HealthChecker
weights map[string]int
stats *BalancerStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// BalancingStrategy defines load balancing strategies
type BalancingStrategy int
const (
RoundRobinBalancing BalancingStrategy = iota
WeightedRoundRobin
LeastConnections
LeastLatency
Random
ConsistentHashing
)
// BalancerStatistics tracks balancer performance
type BalancerStatistics struct {
RequestsBalanced int64
TargetSelections map[string]int64
AverageLatency time.Duration
FailoverEvents int64
HealthCheckFails int64
}
// HealthChecker monitors target health
type HealthChecker struct {
targets map[string]*TargetHealth
checker func(string) bool
interval time.Duration
timeout time.Duration
retries int
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// TargetHealth tracks target health status
type TargetHealth struct {
Target string
Healthy bool
LastCheck time.Time
FailureCount int
SuccessCount int
ResponseTime time.Duration
ConsecutiveFails int
}
// ConnectionHealthChecker monitors connection health
type ConnectionHealthChecker struct {
checker func(*ManagedConnection) bool
interval time.Duration
timeout time.Duration
enabled bool
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// ProtocolManager optimizes protocol-specific behavior
type ProtocolManager struct {
protocols map[string]*ProtocolHandler
optimizers map[string]ProtocolOptimizer
multiplexer *ConnectionMultiplexer
compressor *CompressionManager
config ProtocolManagerConfig
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// ProtocolManagerConfig contains protocol manager configuration
type ProtocolManagerConfig struct {
EnableHTTP2 bool
EnableCompression bool
EnableMultiplexing bool
CompressionLevel int
MaxFrameSize int
WindowSize int
HeaderTableSize int
EnablePush bool
}
// ProtocolHandler handles protocol-specific operations
type ProtocolHandler interface {
OptimizeConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) error
ProcessRequest(req *NetworkRequest) (*NetworkResponse, error)
GetMetrics() map[string]interface{}
}
// ProtocolOptimizer optimizes protocol parameters
type ProtocolOptimizer interface {
AnalyzeTraffic(traffic *TrafficPattern) *OptimizationRecommendation
ApplyOptimization(conn *ManagedConnection, opt *OptimizationRecommendation) error
ValidateOptimization(conn *ManagedConnection) error
}
// NetworkRequest represents a network request
type NetworkRequest struct {
ID string
Method string
URL *url.URL
Headers map[string]string
Body []byte
Timeout time.Duration
Priority RequestPriority
Metadata map[string]interface{}
}
// RequestPriority defines request priority levels
type RequestPriority int
const (
LowPriority RequestPriority = iota
NormalPriority
HighPriority
CriticalPriority
)
// NetworkResponse represents a network response
type NetworkResponse struct {
StatusCode int
Headers map[string]string
Body []byte
Latency time.Duration
Size int64
Compressed bool
Cached bool
Metadata map[string]interface{}
}
// TrafficPattern represents network traffic patterns
type TrafficPattern struct {
RequestRate float64
ResponseSize int64
Latency time.Duration
ErrorRate float64
Seasonality []float64
BurstPattern bool
ProtocolMix map[string]float64
}
// OptimizationRecommendation contains optimization recommendations
type OptimizationRecommendation struct {
Type OptimizationType
Parameters map[string]interface{}
ExpectedGain PerformanceGain
RiskAssessment RiskAssessment
Implementation ImplementationPlan
}
// OptimizationType defines optimization types
type OptimizationType int
const (
ConnectionOptimization OptimizationType = iota
ProtocolOptimization
CompressionOptimization
CachingOptimization
LoadBalancingOptimization
)
// PerformanceGain represents expected performance improvements
type PerformanceGain struct {
LatencyReduction float64
ThroughputIncrease float64
BandwidthReduction float64
CPUReduction float64
MemoryReduction float64
}
// RiskAssessment evaluates optimization risks
type RiskAssessment struct {
Level RiskLevel
Factors []RiskFactor
Mitigation []string
Probability float64
}
// RiskLevel defines risk levels
type RiskLevel int
const (
LowRisk RiskLevel = iota
MediumRisk
HighRisk
CriticalRisk
)
// RiskFactor represents a risk factor
type RiskFactor struct {
Type string
Severity int
Description string
Impact string
}
// ImplementationPlan defines implementation steps
type ImplementationPlan struct {
Steps []ImplementationStep
Duration time.Duration
Resources []string
Dependencies []string
}
// ImplementationStep represents an implementation step
type ImplementationStep struct {
ID string
Description string
Duration time.Duration
Risk RiskLevel
Validation ValidationStep
}
// ValidationStep defines validation requirements
type ValidationStep struct {
Metrics []string
Thresholds map[string]float64
Duration time.Duration
Rollback bool
}
// ConnectionMultiplexer manages connection multiplexing
type ConnectionMultiplexer struct {
connections map[string]*MultiplexedConnection
scheduler *RequestScheduler
config MultiplexerConfig
stats *MultiplexerStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// MultiplexerConfig contains multiplexer configuration
type MultiplexerConfig struct {
MaxStreams int
StreamWindowSize int
ConnectionWindow int
FrameTimeout time.Duration
EnableFlowControl bool
EnablePriority bool
}
// MultiplexedConnection represents a multiplexed connection
type MultiplexedConnection struct {
baseConn *ManagedConnection
streams map[int]*Stream
maxStreams int
nextID int
frameQueue chan *Frame
stats *StreamStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// Stream represents a multiplexed stream
type Stream struct {
ID int
State StreamState
Headers map[string]string
Data []byte
Priority int
WindowSize int
BytesSent int64
BytesReceived int64
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// StreamState represents stream states
type StreamState int
const (
StreamIdle StreamState = iota
StreamOpen
StreamHalfClosed
StreamClosed
StreamReset
)
// Frame represents a protocol frame
type Frame struct {
Type FrameType
StreamID int
Data []byte
Flags FrameFlags
Length int
}
// FrameType defines frame types
type FrameType int
const (
DataFrame FrameType = iota
HeadersFrame
PriorityFrame
RstStreamFrame
SettingsFrame
PingFrame
GoAwayFrame
WindowUpdateFrame
)
// FrameFlags defines frame flags
type FrameFlags uint8
const (
FlagEndStream FrameFlags = 0x1
FlagEndHeaders FrameFlags = 0x4
FlagPadded FrameFlags = 0x8
FlagPriority FrameFlags = 0x20
)
// RequestScheduler schedules requests across streams
type RequestScheduler struct {
queues map[RequestPriority]*RequestQueue
strategy SchedulingStrategy
stats *SchedulerStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// SchedulingStrategy defines request scheduling strategies
type SchedulingStrategy int
const (
FIFOScheduling SchedulingStrategy = iota
PriorityScheduling
WeightedFairQueuing
DeficitRoundRobin
)
// RequestQueue manages queued requests
type RequestQueue struct {
requests []*NetworkRequest
priority RequestPriority
weight int
deficit int
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// CompressionManager manages data compression
type CompressionManager struct {
compressors map[string]Compressor
config CompressionConfig
stats *CompressionStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// CompressionConfig contains compression configuration
type CompressionConfig struct {
DefaultAlgorithm string
CompressionLevel int
MinSize int
MaxSize int
EnableAdaptive bool
QualityThreshold float64
}
// Compressor defines compression interface
type Compressor interface {
Compress(data []byte) ([]byte, error)
Decompress(data []byte) ([]byte, error)
GetRatio() float64
GetSpeed() float64
}
// CompressionStatistics tracks compression performance
type CompressionStatistics struct {
BytesCompressed int64
BytesDecompressed int64
CompressionRatio float64
CompressionTime time.Duration
DecompressionTime time.Duration
Algorithms map[string]*AlgorithmStats
}
// AlgorithmStats tracks algorithm-specific statistics
type AlgorithmStats struct {
UsageCount int64
AverageRatio float64
AverageSpeed float64
TotalSavings int64
}
// BandwidthManager manages bandwidth allocation and throttling
type BandwidthManager struct {
limiters map[string]*BandwidthLimiter
scheduler *BandwidthScheduler
monitor *BandwidthMonitor
config BandwidthConfig
stats *BandwidthStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// BandwidthConfig contains bandwidth management configuration
type BandwidthConfig struct {
GlobalLimitMBps float64
PerConnLimitMBps float64
BurstSize int64
EnableTrafficShaping bool
EnableQoS bool
QoSClasses map[string]QoSClass
}
// QoSClass defines Quality of Service classes
type QoSClass struct {
Name string
Priority int
BandwidthShare float64
MaxLatency time.Duration
MaxJitter time.Duration
MinBandwidth float64
}
// BandwidthLimiter implements token bucket rate limiting
type BandwidthLimiter struct {
rate float64
capacity int64
tokens int64
lastTime time.Time
mu sync.Mutex
}
// BandwidthScheduler schedules bandwidth allocation
type BandwidthScheduler struct {
classes map[string]*QoSClass
queues map[string]*TrafficQueue
strategy BandwidthStrategy
stats *SchedulerStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// BandwidthStrategy defines bandwidth allocation strategies
type BandwidthStrategy int
const (
FairShareBandwidth BandwidthStrategy = iota
PriorityBandwidth
WeightedFairBandwidth
CBQBandwidth
)
// TrafficQueue manages traffic queues
type TrafficQueue struct {
packets []*NetworkPacket
class *QoSClass
weight int
deficit int64
stats *QueueStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// NetworkPacket represents a network packet
type NetworkPacket struct {
Data []byte
Size int
Priority int
QoSClass string
Timestamp time.Time
Deadline time.Time
}
// QueueStatistics tracks queue performance
type QueueStatistics struct {
PacketsEnqueued int64
PacketsDequeued int64
PacketsDropped int64
AverageDelay time.Duration
MaxDelay time.Duration
QueueSize int32
Utilization float64
}
// LoadBalancer distributes load across multiple targets
type LoadBalancer struct {
targets []*LoadBalancerTarget
strategy LoadBalancingStrategy
health *HealthChecker
sticky *StickySessionManager
config LoadBalancerConfig
stats *LoadBalancerStatistics
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// LoadBalancingStrategy defines load balancing strategies
type LoadBalancingStrategy int
const (
RoundRobinLB LoadBalancingStrategy = iota
WeightedRoundRobinLB
LeastConnectionsLB
LeastResponseTimeLB
IPHashLB
ConsistentHashLB
GeographicLB
)
// LoadBalancerTarget represents a load balancer target
type LoadBalancerTarget struct {
ID string
Address string
Weight int
Healthy bool
Connections int32
ResponseTime time.Duration
FailureCount int32
SuccessCount int64
TotalRequests int64
Region string
Zone string
Metadata map[string]string
}
// StickySessionManager manages session affinity
type StickySessionManager struct {
sessions map[string]string
ttl time.Duration
cleanup time.Duration
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// LoadBalancerConfig contains load balancer configuration
type LoadBalancerConfig struct {
Algorithm LoadBalancingStrategy
HealthCheckEnabled bool
HealthCheckInterval time.Duration
HealthCheckTimeout time.Duration
HealthCheckPath string
StickySessionsEnabled bool
SessionTTL time.Duration
MaxRetries int
RetryBackoff time.Duration
}
// LoadBalancerStatistics tracks load balancer performance
type LoadBalancerStatistics struct {
TotalRequests int64
SuccessfulRequests int64
FailedRequests int64
AverageLatency time.Duration
TargetDistribution map[string]int64
FailoverEvents int64
}
// NetworkMonitor monitors network performance
type NetworkMonitor struct {
collectors []NetworkCollector
analyzer *NetworkAnalyzer
alerting *NetworkAlerting
dashboard *NetworkDashboard
events chan NetworkEvent
running bool
mu sync.RWMutex
}
// NetworkEvent represents a network event
type NetworkEvent struct {
Type NetworkEventType
Source string
Target string
Timestamp time.Time
Latency time.Duration
Size int64
Success bool
Error error
Metadata map[string]interface{}
}
// NetworkEventType defines network event types
type NetworkEventType int
const (
ConnectionEstablished NetworkEventType = iota
ConnectionClosed
RequestSent
ResponseReceived
ErrorOccurred
LatencyThresholdExceeded
BandwidthLimitReached
)
// NetworkCollector collects network metrics
type NetworkCollector interface {
CollectEvent(event NetworkEvent)
GetMetrics() map[string]interface{}
Reset()
}
// NetworkAnalyzer analyzes network patterns
type NetworkAnalyzer struct {
patterns map[string]*NetworkPattern
trends *NetworkTrends
predictor *NetworkPredictor
config AnalyzerConfig
}
// NetworkPattern represents a network usage pattern
type NetworkPattern struct {
Name string
Type PatternType
Characteristics map[string]float64
Frequency float64
Optimization NetworkOptimization
}
// PatternType defines network pattern types
type PatternType int
const (
BurstTraffic PatternType = iota
SteadyTraffic
SeasonalTraffic
SpikeTraffic
BatchTraffic
)
// NetworkOptimization contains network optimization recommendations
type NetworkOptimization struct {
ConnectionPoolSize int
KeepAliveTimeout time.Duration
CompressionEnabled bool
MultiplexingEnabled bool
LoadBalancingStrategy LoadBalancingStrategy
}
// NetworkTrends tracks network performance trends
type NetworkTrends struct {
LatencyTrend TrendDirection
ThroughputTrend TrendDirection
ErrorRateTrend TrendDirection
ConnectionsTrend TrendDirection
BandwidthTrend TrendDirection
}
// TrendDirection defines trend directions
type TrendDirection int
const (
TrendIncreasing TrendDirection = iota
TrendDecreasing
TrendStable
TrendVolatile
)
// NetworkPredictor predicts network behavior
type NetworkPredictor struct {
models map[string]*PredictionModel
forecasts map[string]*NetworkForecast
config PredictorConfig
}
// PredictionModel represents a prediction model
type PredictionModel struct {
Type ModelType
Parameters map[string]float64
Accuracy float64
UpdatedAt time.Time
}
// ModelType defines prediction model types
type ModelType int
const (
LinearRegression ModelType = iota
TimeSeriesARIMA
NeuralNetwork
RandomForest
)
// NetworkForecast represents network forecasts
type NetworkForecast struct {
Metric string
Horizon time.Duration
Values []float64
Confidence []float64
UpdatedAt time.Time
}
// NetworkMetrics tracks overall network performance
type NetworkMetrics struct {
TotalConnections int64
ActiveConnections int32
ConnectionPoolHits int64
TotalRequests int64
SuccessfulRequests int64
FailedRequests int64
AverageLatency time.Duration
TotalBytesTransmitted int64
TotalBytesReceived int64
CompressionRatio float64
BandwidthUtilization float64
ErrorRate float64
}
// Various statistics and configuration types
type ConnectionMetrics struct{}
type MultiplexerStatistics struct{}
type StreamStatistics struct{}
type SchedulerStatistics struct{}
type BandwidthStatistics struct{}
type BandwidthMonitor struct{}
type NetworkAlerting struct{}
type NetworkDashboard struct{}
type PerformanceOptimizer struct{}
type AnalyzerConfig struct{}
type PredictorConfig struct{}
// NewNetworkOptimizer creates a new network optimizer
func NewNetworkOptimizer(config NetworkOptimizerConfig) *NetworkOptimizer {
return &NetworkOptimizer{
connManager: NewConnectionManager(config),
protocolMgr: NewProtocolManager(),
bandwidthMgr: NewBandwidthManager(),
loadBalancer: NewLoadBalancer(),
monitor: NewNetworkMonitor(),
optimizer: NewPerformanceOptimizer(),
config: config,
metrics: &NetworkMetrics{},
}
}
// NewConnectionManager creates a new connection manager
func NewConnectionManager(config NetworkOptimizerConfig) *ConnectionManager {
cmConfig := ConnectionManagerConfig{
MaxPoolSize: config.MaxConnections,
InitialPoolSize: 10,
MaxIdleConns: 50,
MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 10,
IdleConnTimeout: config.IdleConnTimeout,
ConnectTimeout: config.ConnectionTimeout,
KeepAlive: config.KeepAliveTimeout,
TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
EnableTCPKeepAlive: true,
TCPKeepAlive: config.KeepAliveTimeout,
EnableHTTP2: true,
}
return &ConnectionManager{
pools: make(map[string]*ConnectionPool),
factory: NewDefaultConnectionFactory(),
balancer: NewConnectionBalancer(),
monitor: NewConnectionMonitor(),
config: cmConfig,
metrics: &ConnectionMetrics{},
}
}
// GetConnection retrieves a connection from the pool
func (cm *ConnectionManager) GetConnection(target string) (*ManagedConnection, error) {
cm.mu.RLock()
pool, exists := cm.pools[target]
cm.mu.RUnlock()
if !exists {
cm.mu.Lock()
if pool, exists = cm.pools[target]; !exists {
poolConfig := PoolConfig{
MaxSize: cm.config.MaxPoolSize,
MinSize: 1,
GrowthFactor: 1.5,
ShrinkThreshold: 0.3,
MaxAge: time.Hour,
HealthCheckPeriod: time.Minute,
ValidationEnabled: true,
MetricsEnabled: true,
}
pool = NewConnectionPool(target, poolConfig, cm.factory)
cm.pools[target] = pool
}
cm.mu.Unlock()
}
conn := pool.GetConnection()
if conn == nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get connection to %s", target)
}
atomic.AddInt64(&cm.metrics.TotalConnections, 1)
return conn, nil
}
// ReturnConnection returns a connection to the pool
func (cm *ConnectionManager) ReturnConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) error {
if conn == nil || conn.pool == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("invalid connection")
}
conn.pool.ReturnConnection(conn)
return nil
}
// NewConnectionPool creates a new connection pool
func NewConnectionPool(target string, config PoolConfig, factory ConnectionFactory) *ConnectionPool {
pool := &ConnectionPool{
target: target,
connections: make(chan *ManagedConnection, config.MaxSize),
config: config,
stats: &PoolStatistics{},
healthChecker: NewConnectionHealthChecker(),
}
// Set up factory function
pool.factory = func() (*ManagedConnection, error) {
connConfig := ConnectionConfig{
Network: "tcp",
Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
KeepAlive: 60 * time.Second,
BufferSize: 64 * 1024,
Compression: false,
NoDelay: true,
ReadBuffer: 64 * 1024,
WriteBuffer: 64 * 1024,
LingerTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
}
return factory.CreateConnection(target, connConfig)
}
// Set up validator
pool.validator = factory.ValidateConnection
// Pre-populate pool
for i := 0; i < config.MinSize; i++ {
if conn, err := pool.factory(); err == nil {
pool.connections <- conn
atomic.AddInt32(&pool.stats.ActiveConnections, 1)
}
}
// Start health checking
go pool.healthCheckLoop()
return pool
}
// GetConnection retrieves a connection from the pool
func (cp *ConnectionPool) GetConnection() *ManagedConnection {
atomic.AddInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsReused, 1)
select {
case conn := <-cp.connections:
atomic.AddInt32(&cp.stats.IdleConnections, -1)
// Validate connection if enabled
if cp.config.ValidationEnabled && cp.validator != nil {
if !cp.validator(conn) {
cp.destroyConnection(conn)
// Try to create a new connection
if newConn, err := cp.factory(); err == nil {
atomic.AddInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsCreated, 1)
return newConn
}
return nil
}
}
conn.State = ConnectionActive
conn.LastUsed = time.Now()
atomic.AddInt64(&conn.UseCount, 1)
cp.updateHitRate(true)
return conn
default:
// Pool is empty, create new connection
if conn, err := cp.factory(); err == nil {
atomic.AddInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsCreated, 1)
conn.State = ConnectionActive
conn.pool = cp
cp.updateHitRate(false)
return conn
}
atomic.AddInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsFailed, 1)
return nil
}
}
// ReturnConnection returns a connection to the pool
func (cp *ConnectionPool) ReturnConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) {
if conn == nil {
return
}
conn.State = ConnectionIdle
conn.LastUsed = time.Now()
// Check connection age
if cp.config.MaxAge > 0 && time.Since(conn.CreatedAt) > cp.config.MaxAge {
cp.destroyConnection(conn)
return
}
// Try to return to pool
select {
case cp.connections <- conn:
atomic.AddInt32(&cp.stats.IdleConnections, 1)
default:
// Pool is full, destroy connection
cp.destroyConnection(conn)
}
}
// destroyConnection destroys a connection
func (cp *ConnectionPool) destroyConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) {
if conn != nil && conn.Conn != nil {
conn.Conn.Close()
conn.State = ConnectionClosed
atomic.AddInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsDestroyed, 1)
atomic.AddInt32(&cp.stats.ActiveConnections, -1)
}
}
// updateHitRate updates pool hit rate
func (cp *ConnectionPool) updateHitRate(hit bool) {
total := atomic.LoadInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsReused) + atomic.LoadInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsCreated)
if total > 0 {
if hit {
cp.stats.HitRate = float64(atomic.LoadInt64(&cp.stats.ConnectionsReused)) / float64(total)
}
}
}
// healthCheckLoop performs periodic health checks
func (cp *ConnectionPool) healthCheckLoop() {
ticker := time.NewTicker(cp.config.HealthCheckPeriod)
defer ticker.Stop()
for range ticker.C {
cp.performHealthCheck()
}
}
// performHealthCheck performs health check on pool connections
func (cp *ConnectionPool) performHealthCheck() {
// Simple health check implementation
poolSize := len(cp.connections)
for i := 0; i < poolSize; i++ {
select {
case conn := <-cp.connections:
if cp.validator != nil && !cp.validator(conn) {
cp.destroyConnection(conn)
} else {
cp.connections <- conn
}
default:
return
}
}
}
// DefaultConnectionFactory implements ConnectionFactory
type DefaultConnectionFactory struct{}
// NewDefaultConnectionFactory creates a new default connection factory
func NewDefaultConnectionFactory() *DefaultConnectionFactory {
return &DefaultConnectionFactory{}
}
// CreateConnection creates a new managed connection
func (dcf *DefaultConnectionFactory) CreateConnection(target string, config ConnectionConfig) (*ManagedConnection, error) {
dialer := &net.Dialer{
Timeout: config.Timeout,
KeepAlive: config.KeepAlive,
}
conn, err := dialer.Dial(config.Network, target)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// Configure TCP options
if tcpConn, ok := conn.(*net.TCPConn); ok {
if config.NoDelay {
tcpConn.SetNoDelay(true)
}
if config.ReadBuffer > 0 {
tcpConn.SetReadBuffer(config.ReadBuffer)
}
if config.WriteBuffer > 0 {
tcpConn.SetWriteBuffer(config.WriteBuffer)
}
if config.LingerTimeout > 0 {
tcpConn.SetLinger(int(config.LingerTimeout.Seconds()))
}
}
managedConn := &ManagedConnection{
ID: fmt.Sprintf("conn-%d", time.Now().UnixNano()),
Conn: conn,
Target: target,
Protocol: config.Network,
CreatedAt: time.Now(),
LastUsed: time.Now(),
UseCount: 0,
State: ConnectionIdle,
Properties: make(map[string]interface{}),
}
return managedConn, nil
}
// ValidateConnection validates a connection
func (dcf *DefaultConnectionFactory) ValidateConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) bool {
if conn == nil || conn.Conn == nil {
return false
}
// Check if connection is closed
if conn.State == ConnectionClosed || conn.State == ConnectionError {
return false
}
// Simple connectivity test
conn.Conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(100 * time.Millisecond))
one := make([]byte, 1)
_, err := conn.Conn.Read(one)
conn.Conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{})
if err != nil {
if netErr, ok := err.(net.Error); ok && netErr.Timeout() {
return true // Timeout is expected for validation
}
return false
}
return true
}
// CloseConnection closes a connection
func (dcf *DefaultConnectionFactory) CloseConnection(conn *ManagedConnection) error {
if conn != nil && conn.Conn != nil {
return conn.Conn.Close()
}
return nil
}
// NewBandwidthLimiter creates a new bandwidth limiter
func NewBandwidthLimiter(rateMBps float64, burstSize int64) *BandwidthLimiter {
return &BandwidthLimiter{
rate: rateMBps * 1024 * 1024, // Convert MB/s to bytes/s
capacity: burstSize,
tokens: burstSize,
lastTime: time.Now(),
}
}
// Allow checks if the requested bytes can be transmitted
func (bl *BandwidthLimiter) Allow(bytes int64) bool {
bl.mu.Lock()
defer bl.mu.Unlock()
now := time.Now()
elapsed := now.Sub(bl.lastTime).Seconds()
bl.lastTime = now
// Add tokens based on elapsed time
tokensToAdd := int64(bl.rate * elapsed)
bl.tokens = min64(bl.capacity, bl.tokens+tokensToAdd)
if bl.tokens >= bytes {
bl.tokens -= bytes
return true
}
return false
}
// Wait blocks until the requested bytes can be transmitted
func (bl *BandwidthLimiter) Wait(ctx context.Context, bytes int64) error {
for {
if bl.Allow(bytes) {
return nil
}
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return ctx.Err()
case <-time.After(time.Millisecond):
// Short wait before retrying
}
}
}
// OptimizedHTTPClient creates an optimized HTTP client
type OptimizedHTTPClient struct {
client *http.Client
connManager *ConnectionManager
compressor *CompressionManager
monitor *NetworkMonitor
config HTTPClientConfig
}
// HTTPClientConfig contains HTTP client configuration
type HTTPClientConfig struct {
MaxIdleConns int
MaxIdleConnsPerHost int
IdleConnTimeout time.Duration
TLSHandshakeTimeout time.Duration
ResponseHeaderTimeout time.Duration
EnableCompression bool
EnableHTTP2 bool
DialTimeout time.Duration
KeepAlive time.Duration
}
// NewOptimizedHTTPClient creates a new optimized HTTP client
func NewOptimizedHTTPClient(config HTTPClientConfig) *OptimizedHTTPClient {
transport := &http.Transport{
MaxIdleConns: config.MaxIdleConns,
MaxIdleConnsPerHost: config.MaxIdleConnsPerHost,
IdleConnTimeout: config.IdleConnTimeout,
TLSHandshakeTimeout: config.TLSHandshakeTimeout,
ResponseHeaderTimeout: config.ResponseHeaderTimeout,
DisableCompression: !config.EnableCompression,
ForceAttemptHTTP2: config.EnableHTTP2,
DialContext: (&net.Dialer{
Timeout: config.DialTimeout,
KeepAlive: config.KeepAlive,
}).DialContext,
}
client := &http.Client{
Transport: transport,
Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
}
return &OptimizedHTTPClient{
client: client,
connManager: NewConnectionManager(NetworkOptimizerConfig{}),
compressor: NewCompressionManager(),
monitor: NewNetworkMonitor(),
config: config,
}
}
// Do executes an HTTP request with optimizations
func (ohc *OptimizedHTTPClient) Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
start := time.Now()
// Apply compression if enabled
if ohc.config.EnableCompression && req.Body != nil {
if compressedBody, err := ohc.compressRequestBody(req); err == nil {
req.Body = compressedBody
req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", "gzip")
}
}
// Execute request
resp, err := ohc.client.Do(req)
// Record metrics
latency := time.Since(start)
ohc.recordRequestMetrics(req, resp, latency, err)
return resp, err
}
// compressRequestBody compresses request body
func (ohc *OptimizedHTTPClient) compressRequestBody(req *http.Request) (io.ReadCloser, error) {
// Placeholder implementation
return req.Body, nil
}
// recordRequestMetrics records request metrics
func (ohc *OptimizedHTTPClient) recordRequestMetrics(req *http.Request, resp *http.Response, latency time.Duration, err error) {
event := NetworkEvent{
Type: RequestSent,
Source: "client",
Target: req.URL.Host,
Timestamp: time.Now(),
Latency: latency,
Success: err == nil && resp != nil,
Error: err,
}
if resp != nil {
event.Size = resp.ContentLength
}
if ohc.monitor != nil {
ohc.monitor.RecordEvent(event)
}
}
// Component constructors and interfaces
func NewProtocolManager() *ProtocolManager {
return &ProtocolManager{
protocols: make(map[string]*ProtocolHandler),
optimizers: make(map[string]ProtocolOptimizer),
multiplexer: NewConnectionMultiplexer(),
compressor: NewCompressionManager(),
}
}
func NewBandwidthManager() *BandwidthManager {
return &BandwidthManager{
limiters: make(map[string]*BandwidthLimiter),
scheduler: NewBandwidthScheduler(),
monitor: NewBandwidthMonitor(),
stats: &BandwidthStatistics{},
}
}
func NewLoadBalancer() *LoadBalancer {
return &LoadBalancer{
targets: make([]*LoadBalancerTarget, 0),
strategy: RoundRobinLB,
health: NewHealthChecker(),
sticky: NewStickySessionManager(),
stats: &LoadBalancerStatistics{},
}
}
func NewNetworkMonitor() *NetworkMonitor {
return &NetworkMonitor{
collectors: make([]NetworkCollector, 0),
analyzer: NewNetworkAnalyzer(),
alerting: NewNetworkAlerting(),
dashboard: NewNetworkDashboard(),
events: make(chan NetworkEvent, 10000),
}
}
func NewConnectionBalancer() *ConnectionBalancer { return &ConnectionBalancer{} }
func NewConnectionMonitor() *ConnectionMonitor { return &ConnectionMonitor{} }
func NewConnectionHealthChecker() *ConnectionHealthChecker { return &ConnectionHealthChecker{} }
func NewConnectionMultiplexer() *ConnectionMultiplexer { return &ConnectionMultiplexer{} }
func NewCompressionManager() *CompressionManager { return &CompressionManager{} }
func NewBandwidthScheduler() *BandwidthScheduler { return &BandwidthScheduler{} }
func NewBandwidthMonitor() *BandwidthMonitor { return &BandwidthMonitor{} }
func NewHealthChecker() *HealthChecker { return &HealthChecker{} }
func NewStickySessionManager() *StickySessionManager { return &StickySessionManager{} }
func NewNetworkAnalyzer() *NetworkAnalyzer { return &NetworkAnalyzer{} }
func NewNetworkAlerting() *NetworkAlerting { return &NetworkAlerting{} }
func NewNetworkDashboard() *NetworkDashboard { return &NetworkDashboard{} }
func NewPerformanceOptimizer() *PerformanceOptimizer { return &PerformanceOptimizer{} }
// RecordEvent records a network event
func (nm *NetworkMonitor) RecordEvent(event NetworkEvent) {
if !nm.running {
return
}
select {
case nm.events <- event:
default:
// Event queue full
}
}
// GetMetrics returns network optimizer metrics
func (no *NetworkOptimizer) GetMetrics() *NetworkMetrics {
no.mu.RLock()
defer no.mu.RUnlock()
metrics := *no.metrics
// Aggregate metrics from all components
if no.connManager != nil {
// Add connection manager metrics
metrics.TotalConnections = atomic.LoadInt64(&no.connManager.metrics.TotalConnections)
}
return &metrics
}
// Utility function
func min64(a, b int64) int64 {
if a < b {
return a
}
return b
}
// Example usage
func ExampleNetworkOptimization() {
// Create network optimizer
config := NetworkOptimizerConfig{
EnablePooling: true,
EnableCompression: true,
EnableMultiplexing: true,
EnableLoadBalancing: true,
EnableMonitoring: true,
MaxConnections: 1000,
ConnectionTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
KeepAliveTimeout: 60 * time.Second,
ReadTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
IdleConnTimeout: 90 * time.Second,
OptimizationInterval: time.Minute,
BandwidthLimitMBps: 100.0,
CompressionThreshold: 1024,
}
optimizer := NewNetworkOptimizer(config)
// Example: Optimized HTTP client usage
httpConfig := HTTPClientConfig{
MaxIdleConns: 100,
MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 10,
IdleConnTimeout: 90 * time.Second,
TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
ResponseHeaderTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
EnableCompression: true,
EnableHTTP2: true,
DialTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
KeepAlive: 60 * time.Second,
}
client := NewOptimizedHTTPClient(httpConfig)
// Make optimized HTTP requests
for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", "https://api.example.com/data", nil)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Failed to create request: %v\n", err)
continue
}
resp, err := client.Do(req)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Request failed: %v\n", err)
continue
}
resp.Body.Close()
}
// Example: Connection pooling
conn, err := optimizer.connManager.GetConnection("api.example.com:443")
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Failed to get connection: %v\n", err)
} else {
// Use connection...
optimizer.connManager.ReturnConnection(conn)
}
// Example: Bandwidth limiting
limiter := NewBandwidthLimiter(10.0, 1024*1024) // 10 MB/s, 1MB burst
dataSize := int64(1024 * 1024) // 1MB
if limiter.Allow(dataSize) {
fmt.Println("Data transmission allowed")
} else {
fmt.Println("Rate limited - waiting...")
ctx := context.Background()
if err := limiter.Wait(ctx, dataSize); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("Failed to wait for bandwidth: %v\n", err)
}
}
// Get performance metrics
metrics := optimizer.GetMetrics()
fmt.Printf("Total connections: %d\n", metrics.TotalConnections)
fmt.Printf("Active connections: %d\n", metrics.ActiveConnections)
fmt.Printf("Total requests: %d\n", metrics.TotalRequests)
fmt.Printf("Success rate: %.2f%%\n", float64(metrics.SuccessfulRequests)/float64(metrics.TotalRequests)*100)
fmt.Printf("Average latency: %v\n", metrics.AverageLatency)
fmt.Printf("Bandwidth utilization: %.2f%%\n", metrics.BandwidthUtilization*100)
fmt.Printf("Compression ratio: %.2f\n", metrics.CompressionRatio)
fmt.Printf("Error rate: %.2f%%\n", metrics.ErrorRate*100)
}
Protocol Optimization
Advanced techniques for optimizing specific network protocols.
HTTP/2 Optimization
Optimizing HTTP/2 connections for multiplexing, flow control, and server push.
TCP Optimization
Tuning TCP parameters for different network conditions and application requirements.
TLS/SSL Optimization
Optimizing TLS handshakes, session resumption, and cipher selection.
Bandwidth Management
Sophisticated bandwidth management and traffic shaping techniques.
Quality of Service (QoS)
Implementing QoS policies for different types of network traffic.
Traffic Shaping
Advanced traffic shaping algorithms for optimal bandwidth utilization.
Congestion Control
Implementing congestion control mechanisms to prevent network overload.
Load Balancing
Advanced load balancing strategies for distributed systems.
Dynamic Load Balancing
Implementing adaptive load balancing based on real-time performance metrics.
Geographic Load Balancing
Distributing load based on geographic proximity and network conditions.
Health Checking
Comprehensive health checking mechanisms for reliable load distribution.
Best Practices
- Connection Pooling: Use connection pools for efficient connection reuse
- Protocol Selection: Choose appropriate protocols for different use cases
- Compression: Enable compression for large data transfers
- Multiplexing: Use multiplexing for efficient connection utilization
- Monitoring: Monitor network performance continuously
- Load Balancing: Implement robust load balancing strategies
- Error Handling: Handle network errors gracefully with retries
- Security: Implement secure network communications
Summary
Network optimization is crucial for high-performance distributed Go applications:
- Connection Management: Implement efficient connection pooling and reuse
- Protocol Optimization: Optimize protocol-specific behavior
- Bandwidth Management: Manage bandwidth allocation effectively
- Load Balancing: Distribute load optimally across resources
- Monitoring: Continuously monitor and optimize network performance
These techniques enable developers to build efficient, scalable network applications that can handle high volumes of traffic while maintaining optimal performance and reliability.