Continuous Profiling - Alerting

Comprehensive guide to intelligent alerting systems for continuous profiling in Go applications. This guide covers alert configuration, intelligent thresholding, notification management, and automated response systems for production environments.

Introduction
Alert Management Framework
Intelligent Thresholding
Alert Correlation
Notification Systems
Automated Response
Alert Analytics
Integration and Deployment
Best Practices

Introduction

Effective alerting transforms continuous profiling data into actionable insights. This guide provides comprehensive strategies for building intelligent alerting systems that minimize noise while ensuring critical performance issues are detected and escalated appropriately.

Alert Management Framework

package main

import (
    "context"
    "crypto/md5"
    "fmt"
    "math"
    "sort"
    "sync"
    "sync/atomic"
    "time"
)

// AlertManager manages the complete alerting lifecycle
type AlertManager struct {
    ruleEngine      *AlertRuleEngine
    correlator      *AlertCorrelator
    throttler       *AlertThrottler
    router          *AlertRouter
    responder       *AutomatedResponder
    analytics       *AlertAnalytics
    storage         AlertStorage
    config          AlertManagerConfig
    metrics         *AlertMetrics
    state          *AlertState
    mu              sync.RWMutex
}

// AlertManagerConfig contains manager configuration
type AlertManagerConfig struct {
    EnableCorrelation       bool
    EnableThrottling        bool
    EnableAutomatedResponse bool
    EnableAnalytics         bool
    MaxActiveAlerts         int
    AlertRetentionPeriod    time.Duration
    CorrelationWindow       time.Duration
    ThrottlingWindow        time.Duration
    BatchSize               int
    ProcessingInterval      time.Duration
    EscalationEnabled       bool
    NotificationRetries     int
    RetryBackoff            time.Duration
}

// AlertRuleEngine evaluates alert rules against profiling data
type AlertRuleEngine struct {
    rules       map[string]*AlertRule
    evaluators  map[string]RuleEvaluator
    context     *EvaluationContext
    config      RuleEngineConfig
    cache       *EvaluationCache
    stats       *RuleEngineStatistics
    mu          sync.RWMutex
}

// RuleEngineConfig contains rule engine configuration
type RuleEngineConfig struct {
    EvaluationInterval    time.Duration
    MaxConcurrentRules    int
    EnableCaching         bool
    CacheSize            int
    CacheTTL             time.Duration
    EnableOptimization   bool
    OptimizationInterval time.Duration
    ValidationEnabled    bool
}

// AlertRule defines an alert rule
type AlertRule struct {
    ID                string
    Name              string
    Description       string
    Category          AlertCategory
    Severity          AlertSeverity
    Condition         AlertCondition
    Threshold         Threshold
    Aggregation       AggregationRule
    TimeWindow        time.Duration
    EvaluationDelay   time.Duration
    Tags              map[string]string
    Annotations       map[string]string
    Actions           []AlertAction
    Dependencies      []string
    Schedule          *Schedule
    State             RuleState
    Statistics        RuleStatistics
    LastEvaluation    time.Time
    LastTriggered     time.Time
    CreatedAt         time.Time
    UpdatedAt         time.Time
    Version           int
    Enabled           bool
}

// AlertCategory defines alert categories
type AlertCategory int

const (
    PerformanceCategory AlertCategory = iota
    ResourceCategory
    ErrorCategory
    AvailabilityCategory
    SecurityCategory
    CustomCategory
)

// AlertSeverity defines alert severity levels
type AlertSeverity int

const (
    InfoSeverity AlertSeverity = iota
    WarningSeverity
    ErrorSeverity
    CriticalSeverity
    EmergencySeverity
)

// AlertCondition defines alert conditions
type AlertCondition struct {
    Metric      string
    Operator    ComparisonOperator
    Value       float64
    Function    AggregationFunction
    Filters     map[string]interface{}
    TimeRange   time.Duration
    DataPoints  int
    Expression  string
    Advanced    *AdvancedCondition
}

// ComparisonOperator defines comparison operators
type ComparisonOperator int

const (
    GreaterThan ComparisonOperator = iota
    GreaterThanOrEqual
    LessThan
    LessThanOrEqual
    Equal
    NotEqual
    InRange
    OutOfRange
    Contains
    NotContains
)

// AggregationFunction defines aggregation functions
type AggregationFunction int

const (
    Average AggregationFunction = iota
    Sum
    Count
    Min
    Max
    Median
    Percentile90
    Percentile95
    Percentile99
    StdDev
    Rate
    Increase
)

// AdvancedCondition defines advanced conditions
type AdvancedCondition struct {
    MultiMetric    bool
    Metrics        []string
    Correlation    CorrelationCondition
    Forecasting    ForecastingCondition
    Anomaly        AnomalyCondition
    Pattern        PatternCondition
}

// CorrelationCondition defines correlation-based conditions
type CorrelationCondition struct {
    Enabled     bool
    Metrics     []string
    Coefficient float64
    Lag         time.Duration
    Window      time.Duration
}

// ForecastingCondition defines forecasting-based conditions
type ForecastingCondition struct {
    Enabled    bool
    Horizon    time.Duration
    Model      ForecastModel
    Confidence float64
    Threshold  float64
}

// ForecastModel defines forecasting models
type ForecastModel int

const (
    LinearForecast ForecastModel = iota
    ExponentialForecast
    ARIMAForecast
    NeuralNetworkForecast
)

// AnomalyCondition defines anomaly-based conditions
type AnomalyCondition struct {
    Enabled     bool
    Algorithm   AnomalyAlgorithm
    Sensitivity float64
    Window      time.Duration
    Threshold   float64
}

// AnomalyAlgorithm defines anomaly detection algorithms
type AnomalyAlgorithm int

const (
    StatisticalAnomaly AnomalyAlgorithm = iota
    MLAnomaly
    ThresholdAnomaly
    SeasonalAnomaly
)

// PatternCondition defines pattern-based conditions
type PatternCondition struct {
    Enabled      bool
    Pattern      PatternType
    Window       time.Duration
    Tolerance    float64
    MinDuration  time.Duration
}

// PatternType defines pattern types
type PatternType int

const (
    TrendPattern PatternType = iota
    SeasonalPattern
    CyclicalPattern
    IrregularPattern
)

// Threshold defines threshold configuration
type Threshold struct {
    Type        ThresholdType
    Value       float64
    Upper       float64
    Lower       float64
    Adaptive    bool
    Baseline    BaselineConfig
    Dynamic     DynamicConfig
}

// ThresholdType defines threshold types
type ThresholdType int

const (
    StaticThreshold ThresholdType = iota
    DynamicThreshold
    AdaptiveThreshold
    BaselineThreshold
    PercentileThreshold
)

// BaselineConfig defines baseline threshold configuration
type BaselineConfig struct {
    Enabled      bool
    Window       time.Duration
    Percentile   float64
    Multiplier   float64
    MinSamples   int
    UpdateFreq   time.Duration
}

// DynamicConfig defines dynamic threshold configuration
type DynamicConfig struct {
    Enabled       bool
    Algorithm     DynamicAlgorithm
    Parameters    map[string]float64
    LearningRate  float64
    AdaptationRate float64
    Constraints   ThresholdConstraints
}

// DynamicAlgorithm defines dynamic threshold algorithms
type DynamicAlgorithm int

const (
    MovingAverageAlgorithm DynamicAlgorithm = iota
    ExponentialSmoothingAlgorithm
    SeasonalDecompositionAlgorithm
    MachineLearningAlgorithm
)

// ThresholdConstraints defines threshold constraints
type ThresholdConstraints struct {
    MinValue     float64
    MaxValue     float64
    MaxChange    float64
    ChangeWindow time.Duration
}

// AggregationRule defines data aggregation for alerts
type AggregationRule struct {
    Function   AggregationFunction
    Window     time.Duration
    GroupBy    []string
    Filters    map[string]interface{}
    Sampling   SamplingConfig
}

// SamplingConfig defines data sampling configuration
type SamplingConfig struct {
    Enabled    bool
    Rate       float64
    Method     SamplingMethod
    MaxPoints  int
}

// SamplingMethod defines sampling methods
type SamplingMethod int

const (
    RandomSampling SamplingMethod = iota
    SystematicSampling
    StratifiedSampling
    ReservoirSampling
)

// AlertAction defines actions to take when alert fires
type AlertAction struct {
    Type        ActionType
    Target      string
    Parameters  map[string]interface{}
    Conditions  []ActionCondition
    Retry       RetryConfig
    Timeout     time.Duration
    Enabled     bool
}

// ActionType defines action types
type ActionType int

const (
    NotificationAction ActionType = iota
    WebhookAction
    EmailAction
    SlackAction
    PagerDutyAction
    JiraAction
    AutomationAction
    ScriptAction
)

// ActionCondition defines conditions for actions
type ActionCondition struct {
    Field    string
    Operator ComparisonOperator
    Value    interface{}
}

// RetryConfig defines retry configuration
type RetryConfig struct {
    Enabled     bool
    MaxRetries  int
    Backoff     BackoffStrategy
    InitialDelay time.Duration
    MaxDelay    time.Duration
    Multiplier  float64
}

// BackoffStrategy defines backoff strategies
type BackoffStrategy int

const (
    FixedBackoff BackoffStrategy = iota
    LinearBackoff
    ExponentialBackoff
    JitteredBackoff
)

// Schedule defines alert schedule
type Schedule struct {
    Enabled   bool
    Timezone  string
    Windows   []TimeWindow
    Holidays  []time.Time
    OnCall    OnCallConfig
}

// TimeWindow defines time windows
type TimeWindow struct {
    Start     string // HH:MM format
    End       string // HH:MM format
    Days      []time.Weekday
    Enabled   bool
}

// OnCallConfig defines on-call configuration
type OnCallConfig struct {
    Enabled     bool
    Rotation    RotationType
    Schedule    []OnCallPerson
    Escalation  EscalationConfig
}

// RotationType defines rotation types
type RotationType int

const (
    WeeklyRotation RotationType = iota
    DailyRotation
    CustomRotation
)

// OnCallPerson defines on-call person
type OnCallPerson struct {
    Name      string
    Contact   ContactInfo
    Start     time.Time
    End       time.Time
    Backup    string
}

// ContactInfo defines contact information
type ContactInfo struct {
    Email    string
    Phone    string
    Slack    string
    Priority int
}

// EscalationConfig defines escalation configuration
type EscalationConfig struct {
    Enabled   bool
    Levels    []EscalationLevel
    Timeout   time.Duration
    MaxLevel  int
}

// EscalationLevel defines escalation levels
type EscalationLevel struct {
    Level     int
    Contacts  []ContactInfo
    Delay     time.Duration
    Actions   []AlertAction
}

// RuleState defines rule states
type RuleState int

const (
    InactiveState RuleState = iota
    ActiveState
    FiringState
    ResolvedState
    SuppressedState
    ErrorState
)

// RuleStatistics contains rule statistics
type RuleStatistics struct {
    EvaluationCount   int64
    TriggerCount      int64
    FalsePositiveRate float64
    TruePositiveRate  float64
    AverageLatency    time.Duration
    ErrorCount        int64
    LastError         string
    SuccessRate       float64
}

// RuleEvaluator evaluates alert rules
type RuleEvaluator interface {
    Evaluate(ctx context.Context, rule *AlertRule, data interface{}) (*EvaluationResult, error)
    GetType() EvaluatorType
    GetMetrics() EvaluatorMetrics
}

// EvaluatorType defines evaluator types
type EvaluatorType int

const (
    ThresholdEvaluator EvaluatorType = iota
    AnomalyEvaluator
    CorrelationEvaluator
    ForecastEvaluator
    PatternEvaluator
    CustomEvaluator
)

// EvaluationResult contains evaluation results
type EvaluationResult struct {
    Triggered     bool
    Value         float64
    Threshold     float64
    Confidence    float64
    Context       map[string]interface{}
    Metadata      EvaluationMetadata
    Timestamp     time.Time
}

// EvaluationMetadata contains evaluation metadata
type EvaluationMetadata struct {
    RuleID        string
    Evaluator     string
    DataPoints    int
    ProcessingTime time.Duration
    CacheHit      bool
    Warnings      []string
}

// EvaluatorMetrics contains evaluator metrics
type EvaluatorMetrics struct {
    EvaluationCount int64
    SuccessRate     float64
    AverageLatency  time.Duration
    ErrorRate       float64
    CacheHitRate    float64
}

// EvaluationContext provides context for rule evaluation
type EvaluationContext struct {
    Timestamp   time.Time
    Environment map[string]interface{}
    Metadata    map[string]interface{}
    Request     EvaluationRequest
}

// EvaluationRequest contains evaluation request details
type EvaluationRequest struct {
    RuleID     string
    TimeRange  TimeRange
    Parameters map[string]interface{}
    Priority   int
}

// TimeRange represents a time range
type TimeRange struct {
    Start time.Time
    End   time.Time
}

// Alert represents a triggered alert
type Alert struct {
    ID             string
    RuleID         string
    Name           string
    Description    string
    Category       AlertCategory
    Severity       AlertSeverity
    State          AlertState
    Value          float64
    Threshold      float64
    Confidence     float64
    Context        AlertContext
    Labels         map[string]string
    Annotations    map[string]string
    StartsAt       time.Time
    EndsAt         *time.Time
    UpdatedAt      time.Time
    Fingerprint    string
    Correlation    *CorrelationInfo
    Resolution     *AlertResolution
    Escalation     *EscalationStatus
    Metrics        AlertMetrics
}

// AlertState defines alert states
type AlertState int

const (
    PendingState AlertState = iota
    FiringState
    ResolvedState
    SuppressedState
    AcknowledgedState
    InvestigatingState
)

// AlertContext provides context for alerts
type AlertContext struct {
    Application  string
    Environment  string
    Host         string
    Service      string
    Component    string
    Version      string
    Cluster      string
    Namespace    string
    Pod          string
    Container    string
    Tags         map[string]string
    Links        []ContextLink
    Runbook      string
    Dashboard    string
}

// ContextLink provides contextual links
type ContextLink struct {
    Name string
    URL  string
    Type LinkType
}

// LinkType defines link types
type LinkType int

const (
    DashboardLink LinkType = iota
    RunbookLink
    LogsLink
    TracesLink
    MetricsLink
    DocumentationLink
)

// CorrelationInfo contains alert correlation information
type CorrelationInfo struct {
    GroupID       string
    RelatedAlerts []string
    Correlation   CorrelationType
    Confidence    float64
    Pattern       string
    Timestamp     time.Time
}

// CorrelationType defines correlation types
type CorrelationType int

const (
    TemporalCorrelation CorrelationType = iota
    SpatialCorrelation
    CausalCorrelation
    SemanticCorrelation
)

// AlertResolution contains resolution information
type AlertResolution struct {
    Status      ResolutionStatus
    Reason      string
    ResolvedBy  string
    ResolvedAt  time.Time
    Actions     []ResolutionAction
    Notes       string
    Automated   bool
}

// ResolutionStatus defines resolution status
type ResolutionStatus int

const (
    UnresolvedStatus ResolutionStatus = iota
    ResolvedStatus
    FalsePositiveStatus
    DuplicateStatus
    SuppressedStatus
)

// ResolutionAction represents resolution actions
type ResolutionAction struct {
    Type        string
    Description string
    Timestamp   time.Time
    Result      ActionResult
}

// ActionResult contains action results
type ActionResult struct {
    Success   bool
    Message   string
    Duration  time.Duration
    Error     string
    Metadata  map[string]interface{}
}

// EscalationStatus tracks escalation status
type EscalationStatus struct {
    Level         int
    MaxLevel      int
    CurrentStep   string
    NextStepAt    time.Time
    Acknowledged  bool
    EscalatedBy   string
    EscalatedAt   time.Time
    History       []EscalationEvent
}

// EscalationEvent represents escalation events
type EscalationEvent struct {
    Level     int
    Action    string
    Target    string
    Result    string
    Timestamp time.Time
}

// AlertCorrelator correlates related alerts
type AlertCorrelator struct {
    algorithms  map[string]CorrelationAlgorithm
    groups      map[string]*AlertGroup
    patterns    *PatternMatcher
    config      CorrelationConfig
    cache       *CorrelationCache
    stats       *CorrelationStatistics
    mu          sync.RWMutex
}

// CorrelationConfig contains correlation configuration
type CorrelationConfig struct {
    EnableTemporal   bool
    EnableSpatial    bool
    EnableCausal     bool
    EnableSemantic   bool
    CorrelationWindow time.Duration
    MaxGroupSize     int
    MinConfidence    float64
    PatternEnabled   bool
    LearningEnabled  bool
}

// CorrelationAlgorithm defines correlation algorithms
type CorrelationAlgorithm interface {
    Correlate(alerts []*Alert) ([]*AlertGroup, error)
    GetType() CorrelationType
    GetAccuracy() float64
}

// AlertGroup represents a group of correlated alerts
type AlertGroup struct {
    ID           string
    Alerts       []*Alert
    Pattern      string
    Confidence   float64
    Type         CorrelationType
    CreatedAt    time.Time
    UpdatedAt    time.Time
    Metadata     map[string]interface{}
}

// PatternMatcher matches alert patterns
type PatternMatcher struct {
    patterns map[string]*AlertPattern
    matcher  *PatternEngine
    config   PatternConfig
}

// AlertPattern defines alert patterns
type AlertPattern struct {
    ID          string
    Name        string
    Description string
    Rules       []PatternRule
    Confidence  float64
    Frequency   time.Duration
    Tags        map[string]string
}

// PatternRule defines pattern rules
type PatternRule struct {
    Field     string
    Operator  ComparisonOperator
    Value     interface{}
    Weight    float64
    Optional  bool
}

// PatternConfig contains pattern configuration
type PatternConfig struct {
    Enabled       bool
    MinConfidence float64
    MaxPatterns   int
    LearningRate  float64
    DecayRate     float64
}

// PatternEngine performs pattern matching
type PatternEngine interface {
    Match(alert *Alert, patterns []*AlertPattern) ([]PatternMatch, error)
    Learn(alerts []*Alert) ([]*AlertPattern, error)
}

// PatternMatch represents pattern matches
type PatternMatch struct {
    Pattern    *AlertPattern
    Confidence float64
    Matches    map[string]interface{}
}

// AlertThrottler manages alert throttling
type AlertThrottler struct {
    windows    map[string]*ThrottleWindow
    config     ThrottleConfig
    counters   map[string]*ThrottleCounter
    cache      *ThrottleCache
    stats      *ThrottleStatistics
    mu         sync.RWMutex
}

// ThrottleConfig contains throttling configuration
type ThrottleConfig struct {
    Enabled         bool
    DefaultWindow   time.Duration
    MaxAlerts       int
    GroupByFields   []string
    BurstAllowed    int
    BurstWindow     time.Duration
    AdaptiveEnabled bool
}

// ThrottleWindow represents a throttling window
type ThrottleWindow struct {
    ID          string
    Start       time.Time
    Duration    time.Duration
    MaxAlerts   int
    CurrentCount int
    Alerts      []*Alert
    LastReset   time.Time
}

// ThrottleCounter tracks throttling counts
type ThrottleCounter struct {
    Key         string
    Count       int64
    LastReset   time.Time
    WindowSize  time.Duration
    MaxCount    int64
    Burst       int64
    BurstUsed   int64
    BurstReset  time.Time
}

// AlertRouter routes alerts to appropriate handlers
type AlertRouter struct {
    routes     map[string]*AlertRoute
    handlers   map[string]AlertHandler
    matcher    *RouteMatcher
    config     RouterConfig
    stats      *RouterStatistics
    mu         sync.RWMutex
}

// RouterConfig contains router configuration
type RouterConfig struct {
    DefaultRoute    string
    EnableFallback  bool
    FallbackRoute   string
    EnableAudit     bool
    AuditAll        bool
    LoadBalancing   LoadBalancingStrategy
    HealthCheck     bool
    HealthInterval  time.Duration
}

// LoadBalancingStrategy defines load balancing strategies
type LoadBalancingStrategy int

const (
    RoundRobinStrategy LoadBalancingStrategy = iota
    WeightedStrategy
    LeastConnectionsStrategy
    RandomStrategy
)

// AlertRoute defines alert routing rules
type AlertRoute struct {
    ID          string
    Name        string
    Matchers    []RouteMatcher
    Handler     string
    Priority    int
    Enabled     bool
    Conditions  []RouteCondition
    Transform   *RouteTransform
    Retry       RetryConfig
    Timeout     time.Duration
    Statistics  RouteStatistics
}

// RouteMatcher matches alerts for routing
type RouteMatcher struct {
    Field     string
    Operator  ComparisonOperator
    Value     interface{}
    Regex     string
    Weight    float64
}

// RouteCondition defines routing conditions
type RouteCondition struct {
    Type      ConditionType
    Field     string
    Operator  ComparisonOperator
    Value     interface{}
    Negate    bool
}

// ConditionType defines condition types
type ConditionType int

const (
    FieldCondition ConditionType = iota
    TimeCondition
    SeverityCondition
    CategoryCondition
    TagCondition
    CustomCondition
)

// RouteTransform transforms alerts during routing
type RouteTransform struct {
    Enabled     bool
    Fields      map[string]string
    Template    string
    Enrichment  map[string]interface{}
    Filters     []string
}

// RouteStatistics tracks routing statistics
type RouteStatistics struct {
    MatchCount    int64
    SuccessCount  int64
    ErrorCount    int64
    AverageLatency time.Duration
    LastMatch     time.Time
    LastError     string
}

// AlertHandler handles routed alerts
type AlertHandler interface {
    Handle(ctx context.Context, alert *Alert) error
    GetType() HandlerType
    GetHealth() HandlerHealth
    GetMetrics() HandlerMetrics
}

// HandlerType defines handler types
type HandlerType int

const (
    NotificationHandler HandlerType = iota
    WebhookHandler
    EmailHandler
    SlackHandler
    PagerDutyHandler
    AutomationHandler
    LoggingHandler
    MetricsHandler
)

// HandlerHealth represents handler health
type HandlerHealth struct {
    Healthy     bool
    LastCheck   time.Time
    ErrorRate   float64
    Latency     time.Duration
    Capacity    int
    Load        int
}

// HandlerMetrics contains handler metrics
type HandlerMetrics struct {
    RequestCount  int64
    SuccessCount  int64
    ErrorCount    int64
    AverageLatency time.Duration
    Throughput    float64
    ErrorRate     float64
}

// NewAlertManager creates a new alert manager
func NewAlertManager(config AlertManagerConfig) *AlertManager {
    return &AlertManager{
        ruleEngine:  NewAlertRuleEngine(),
        correlator:  NewAlertCorrelator(),
        throttler:   NewAlertThrottler(),
        router:      NewAlertRouter(),
        responder:   NewAutomatedResponder(),
        analytics:   NewAlertAnalytics(),
        config:      config,
        metrics:     &AlertMetrics{},
        state:       &AlertState{},
    }
}

// ProcessAlert processes an incoming alert
func (am *AlertManager) ProcessAlert(ctx context.Context, alert *Alert) error {
    am.mu.Lock()
    defer am.mu.Unlock()

    // Validate alert
    if err := am.validateAlert(alert); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("alert validation failed: %w", err)
    }

    // Generate fingerprint
    alert.Fingerprint = am.generateFingerprint(alert)

    // Check for correlation
    if am.config.EnableCorrelation {
        correlationInfo := am.correlator.CheckCorrelation(alert)
        alert.Correlation = correlationInfo
    }

    // Apply throttling
    if am.config.EnableThrottling {
        if throttled := am.throttler.ShouldThrottle(alert); throttled {
            am.metrics.ThrottledAlerts++
            return nil
        }
    }

    // Route alert
    if err := am.router.RouteAlert(ctx, alert); err != nil {
        return fmt.Errorf("alert routing failed: %w", err)
    }

    // Update metrics
    am.updateMetrics(alert)

    // Store alert
    if am.storage != nil {
        if err := am.storage.StoreAlert(alert); err != nil {
            // Log error but don't fail the whole process
            fmt.Printf("Failed to store alert: %v\n", err)
        }
    }

    return nil
}

// validateAlert validates alert data
func (am *AlertManager) validateAlert(alert *Alert) error {
    if alert.ID == "" {
        return fmt.Errorf("alert ID is required")
    }

    if alert.RuleID == "" {
        return fmt.Errorf("rule ID is required")
    }

    if alert.Name == "" {
        return fmt.Errorf("alert name is required")
    }

    if alert.StartsAt.IsZero() {
        return fmt.Errorf("alert start time is required")
    }

    return nil
}

// generateFingerprint generates a unique fingerprint for an alert
func (am *AlertManager) generateFingerprint(alert *Alert) string {
    data := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s-%s-%v",
        alert.RuleID,
        alert.Context.Service,
        alert.Context.Host,
        alert.Labels)

    hash := md5.Sum([]byte(data))
    return fmt.Sprintf("%x", hash)
}

// updateMetrics updates alert metrics
func (am *AlertManager) updateMetrics(alert *Alert) {
    atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.TotalAlerts, 1)

    switch alert.Severity {
    case InfoSeverity:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.InfoAlerts, 1)
    case WarningSeverity:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.WarningAlerts, 1)
    case ErrorSeverity:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.ErrorAlerts, 1)
    case CriticalSeverity:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.CriticalAlerts, 1)
    case EmergencySeverity:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.EmergencyAlerts, 1)
    }

    switch alert.State {
    case FiringState:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.FiringAlerts, 1)
    case ResolvedState:
        atomic.AddInt64(&am.metrics.ResolvedAlerts, 1)
    }
}

// Component implementations and types
type AlertMetrics struct {
    TotalAlerts     int64
    InfoAlerts      int64
    WarningAlerts   int64
    ErrorAlerts     int64
    CriticalAlerts  int64
    EmergencyAlerts int64
    FiringAlerts    int64
    ResolvedAlerts  int64
    ThrottledAlerts int64
    CorrelatedAlerts int64
}

type AlertState struct {
    ActiveAlerts map[string]*Alert
    AlertGroups  map[string]*AlertGroup
    LastUpdate   time.Time
}

type AlertStorage interface {
    StoreAlert(alert *Alert) error
    GetAlert(id string) (*Alert, error)
    QueryAlerts(query AlertQuery) ([]*Alert, error)
    DeleteAlert(id string) error
}

type AlertQuery struct {
    TimeRange    TimeRange
    RuleIDs      []string
    Severities   []AlertSeverity
    States       []AlertState
    Labels       map[string]string
    Limit        int
}

// Placeholder implementations
type EvaluationCache struct{}
type RuleEngineStatistics struct{}
type AutomatedResponder struct{}
type AlertAnalytics struct{}
type CorrelationCache struct{}
type CorrelationStatistics struct{}
type ThrottleCache struct{}
type ThrottleStatistics struct{}
type RouterStatistics struct{}

// Constructor functions
func NewAlertRuleEngine() *AlertRuleEngine { return &AlertRuleEngine{} }
func NewAlertCorrelator() *AlertCorrelator { return &AlertCorrelator{} }
func NewAlertThrottler() *AlertThrottler { return &AlertThrottler{} }
func NewAlertRouter() *AlertRouter { return &AlertRouter{} }
func NewAutomatedResponder() *AutomatedResponder { return &AutomatedResponder{} }
func NewAlertAnalytics() *AlertAnalytics { return &AlertAnalytics{} }

// Method implementations
func (ac *AlertCorrelator) CheckCorrelation(alert *Alert) *CorrelationInfo { return nil }
func (at *AlertThrottler) ShouldThrottle(alert *Alert) bool { return false }
func (ar *AlertRouter) RouteAlert(ctx context.Context, alert *Alert) error { return nil }

// Example usage
func ExampleAlertManagement() {
    // Create alert manager configuration
    config := AlertManagerConfig{
        EnableCorrelation:       true,
        EnableThrottling:        true,
        EnableAutomatedResponse: true,
        EnableAnalytics:         true,
        MaxActiveAlerts:         1000,
        AlertRetentionPeriod:    7 * 24 * time.Hour,
        CorrelationWindow:       5 * time.Minute,
        ThrottlingWindow:        time.Minute,
        BatchSize:               100,
        ProcessingInterval:      10 * time.Second,
        EscalationEnabled:       true,
        NotificationRetries:     3,
        RetryBackoff:            30 * time.Second,
    }

    // Create alert manager
    manager := NewAlertManager(config)

    // Create sample alert
    alert := &Alert{
        ID:       "alert-001",
        RuleID:   "cpu-high",
        Name:     "High CPU Usage",
        Category: PerformanceCategory,
        Severity: WarningSeverity,
        State:    FiringState,
        Value:    85.5,
        Threshold: 80.0,
        Context: AlertContext{
            Application: "web-service",
            Environment: "production",
            Host:        "web-01",
            Service:     "api",
        },
        Labels: map[string]string{
            "team":      "backend",
            "component": "api-server",
        },
        StartsAt: time.Now(),
    }

    // Process alert
    ctx := context.Background()
    if err := manager.ProcessAlert(ctx, alert); err != nil {
        fmt.Printf("Failed to process alert: %v\n", err)
        return
    }

    fmt.Println("Alert processed successfully")
    fmt.Printf("Alert ID: %s\n", alert.ID)
    fmt.Printf("Fingerprint: %s\n", alert.Fingerprint)
    fmt.Printf("Severity: %v\n", alert.Severity)
    fmt.Printf("Value: %.2f (threshold: %.2f)\n", alert.Value, alert.Threshold)

    // Display manager metrics
    fmt.Printf("\nManager Metrics:\n")
    fmt.Printf("Total alerts: %d\n", manager.metrics.TotalAlerts)
    fmt.Printf("Warning alerts: %d\n", manager.metrics.WarningAlerts)
    fmt.Printf("Firing alerts: %d\n", manager.metrics.FiringAlerts)
}

Intelligent Thresholding

Advanced thresholding techniques that adapt to changing application behavior and reduce false positives.

Adaptive Thresholds

Dynamic thresholds that automatically adjust based on historical data and trends.

Baseline-Based Thresholds

Thresholds based on established performance baselines with statistical confidence intervals.

Machine Learning Thresholds

ML-powered thresholds that learn from historical patterns and user feedback.

Alert Correlation

Sophisticated correlation techniques to group related alerts and reduce noise.

Temporal Correlation

Correlating alerts based on timing patterns and sequences.

Spatial Correlation

Grouping alerts from related components and services.

Causal Correlation

Identifying cause-and-effect relationships between alerts.

Notification Systems

Comprehensive notification systems with intelligent routing and escalation.

Multi-Channel Notifications

Supporting various notification channels with appropriate formatting and routing.

Escalation Management

Automated escalation with on-call schedules and acknowledgment tracking.

Notification Optimization

Optimizing notification frequency and content to minimize fatigue.

Automated Response

Intelligent automated response systems for common performance issues.

Playbook Automation

Automated execution of runbooks and remediation procedures.

Self-Healing Systems

Automatic remediation of known issues with validation and rollback.

Intelligent Suppression

Smart suppression of redundant alerts during incidents.

Best Practices

Alert Quality: Focus on actionable alerts with clear remediation steps
Threshold Tuning: Regularly review and adjust thresholds based on performance
Correlation Rules: Implement effective correlation to reduce alert noise
Escalation Paths: Define clear escalation paths with appropriate timeouts
Documentation: Maintain comprehensive runbooks and documentation
Feedback Loops: Implement feedback mechanisms to improve alert quality
Testing: Regularly test alerting systems and escalation procedures
Metrics: Track alerting metrics to identify areas for improvement

Summary

Effective alerting transforms continuous profiling into an actionable monitoring system:

Smart Rules: Intelligent alert rules with adaptive thresholds
Correlation: Sophisticated correlation to reduce noise
Routing: Intelligent routing to appropriate responders
Escalation: Automated escalation with proper scheduling
Response: Automated response for common issues
Analytics: Deep analytics to improve alerting effectiveness

These techniques enable organizations to maintain high-quality alerting that provides actionable insights without overwhelming operations teams.

Alert Systems